-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 617. What is the skin? Mention its different appearances in its different conditions in the human frame. Is the interior of the body, as well as the exterior, covered by a skin? What is the interior membrane called? Why has it received this name? 618-636. _Give the anatomy of the skin._ 618. What is said of the skin? What is said relative to these layers of membrane? 619. Describe the cuticle. What name is sometimes applied to the cuticle? -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= _Experiment._ Pass a pin through the portion of the cuticle that skirts the nails, or remove a thin shaving from the palm of the hand, and no painful sensation will be experienced unless the pin or knife penetrates deeper than the cuticle. 620. This membrane varies in thickness on different parts of the body,--from the thin, delicate skin upon the internal flexions of the joints, to the thickened covering of the soles of the feet. The greater thickness of the cuticle of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, is manifestly the intentional work of the Creator; for it is perceptible in infants, even at birth, before exercise can have had any influence. 621. The CUTIS VERA (sometimes called the _co´ri-on_) is composed of minute fibres, which are collected into small bundles or strands. These are interwoven with each other so as to constitute a firm, strong, and flexible web. In the superficial part of the true skin, the web is so close as to have the appearance of felt-cloth; but more deeply, the pores become progressively larger, and, upon the lower surface, have a diameter of about a line, or one twelfth of an inch. This gives the under surface the appearance of a coarse web. The strands of the under surface of the true skin are connected with the fibrous web, in which the sub-cutaneous fat of the body is deposited; while the upper surface gives support to the sensitive, or papillary layer, which is bedded upon it. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Give the experiment. 620. What is said of the thickness of the cuticle in different parts of the body? 621. Describe the cutis vera. By what name is it sometimes called? What is the appearance of the upper surface of the cutis vera? Of the under surface? -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= _Observation._ When the skins of animals are immersed in a strong solution of oak or hemlock bark, a chemical union takes place between the gelatin, of which the true skin is mostly composed, and the tannin of the bark. By this process leather is formed, and its peculiar markings are owing to the papillary layer. [Illustration: Fig. 111. An ideal representation of the papillæ. 1, 1, The cutis vera. 2, 2, The papillary layer. 3, 3, The arteries of the papillæ. 4, 4, The veins of the papillæ. 5, 5, The nerves of the papillæ.]