714. The hands, feet, ears, &c., are subject, in cold latitudes, to be _frozen_, or _frost-bitten_. This may occur when the patient, at the moment, is not aware of it. The part affected at first assumes a dull red color, which gradually gives place to a pale, waxy appearance, and becomes quite insensible. The first thing to be done in such cases, is to reëstablish circulation. This should be effected very gradually. If a large quantity of blood is thrown suddenly into the chilled and debilitated vessels of the frozen part, inflammation may be produced that will destroy the vitality of the limb. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 712. That should be the treatment if the cuticle has been removed? How often should the dressing of burns be removed? 713. What may be necessary when there is much suffering? 714. What is the appearance of limbs while freezing? How should the circulation be at first reëstablished? What should be avoided? -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 715. The circulation and sensibility may be restored by rubbing the frozen limb, with snow, or, when this is not to be obtained, cold water; but snow is always to be preferred. The fire should be avoided; and it would be better for the patient to be kept in a cold room, for a time, where there is no fire, or where the temperature is moderate. 716. When a person is found benumbed with cold, and almost or quite insensible, he should be taken into a cold room, the clothing removed, and friction commenced and continued for some time, with _snow_. When warmth begins to be restored, the individual should be rubbed with dry flannel, and the friction continued until reaction takes place. _Observation._ When the toes and heels have been repeatedly chilled, there may be produced a disease called _chilblains_. This affection is attended with tenderness of the parts, accompanied with a peculiar and troublesome itching. The prevention of this disease is in wearing warm hose and thick shoes of ample size. Bathing the feet morning and evening is also a prevention of this disagreeable affection. When chilblains exist, apply cold water, warm camphorated spirits, or turpentine linament. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 715. How may the circulation and sensibility be restored? 716. What treatment should be adopted when a person is benumbed with cold? What treatment should be adopted when warmth begins to be restored? What is said of chilblains? -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= CHAPTER XXXV. APPENDAGES OF THE SKIN.