Here genius seems to have been as prodigal of resources, as nature has been of obstacles. Indeed, to accomplish the reduction, we sometimes see the surgeon placing his elbow in the fold of the affected arm, interlocking his fingers with those of the same limb, and, then, bending with his whole force, both his own fore-arm, and that of the patient, to effect at the same time extension, counter-extension, and reduction or conformation: at another time we see him fixing the fold of the injured arm against some resisting body, such as a bed-post; and while an assistant, then, pushes the displaced olecranon against this body, he himself, pressing on the shoulder with one hand, and grasping the fore-arm with the other, bends it forcibly, in order, by that means, to produce a replacement: again, a body of some size, being placed in the fold of the arm, serves as a fulcrum, on which the fore-arm, being suddenly flexed, moves and acts like a lever of the first kind, of which the power, being applied at the extremity next the hand, draws it backward and upward, and by that means pushes in a contrary direction its luxated end, where the resistance is made. On some occasions, the fore-arm of the diseased side, bent at a right angle, is placed on a horizontal table, and, while the lower extremity of the humerus is thus resting on the table, the surgeon pushes it backward with one hand, and with the other, taking hold of the extremity of the fore-arm, draws it in a contrary direction. 18. The ancients employed the three first modes. Pare has had engravings of them made: Scultel has also given figures of them as practised by Hippocrates. The Arabians knew of no other modes, nor did their descendants, who were only compilers from them. The practitioners of our own day still continue their use. But, in general, they are chargeable with the numerous inconveniences and faults of producing intense pain, of not being completely under the direction of the surgeon, of bringing the point of luxation too near to the place on which counter-extension is made, and of bruising and doing violence to the parts: nor do they disengage, by means of previous extension, the luxated ends of the bones, to facilitate their replacement in their natural situations. This last charge is not applicable to the last of the processes proposed by Petit. But, here, the extending forces are most commonly insufficient; the surgeon, having both his hands engaged, is not able to act on the joint to assist in the replacement: and the counter-extension made is too near to the point of luxation. 19. In common cases, Desault employed a method as simple and more efficacious, which few writers have recommended, and none have described with accuracy.