16. Extension so important in the reduction of other luxations, renders scarcely any service in this: impulsion alone answers the purpose. If the displacement be forward, it is reduced in the following manner: The patient sits or stands indifferently; the latter position, however, has sometimes this advantage over the former, that by placing the part to be operated on more on a level with the hands of the surgeon, it gives him both more readiness and more force in his motions: one assistant supporting the elbow, separates the arm a little from the body; while another taking hold of the hand and fingers, gives them also an equable support. 17. The surgeon grasps the extremity of the fore-arm, with both hands, one placed on its internal, and the other on its external side, so that his two thumbs may meet before, between the ulna and the radius, and the fingers behind. He then exerts himself to separate the two bones from each other, by pushing the radius backward and outward, and retaining the ulna in its place; in the mean time the assistant who supports the hand, endeavours to move it in the direction of supination, and consequently to draw the radius, with which it is connected, into the same state. Being thus pushed in a direction opposite to that of its displacement, by two forces, the one exerted directly on it, and the other acting indirectly, the radius is forced outwards, and the ulna, returning through the opening in the capsule, is replaced in the sigmoid cavity. 18. Should a luxation of the radius backwards ever occur, the same process executed in an inverse direction, would serve the purposes of reduction. The surgeon with his fingers would have to press the extremity of the radius forward and inward, while a forcible pronatory movement impressed by the assistant on the hand intrusted to him, would favour the effort and finish the reduction. 19. The disappearance of the signs (12 ... 14) of the luxation bespeak its reduction. In general the pain is entirely removed; sometimes a perceptible sound, or report, caused by the passage of the bone through the opening in the capsule, announces the replacement. 20. When the luxation is of long standing, it is always attended with more or less difficulty, occasioned by the adhesions of the surrounding soft parts to the articulating surfaces, by the thickening of the capsule, which diminishes the size of its opening, by the rigidity contracted by the whole part, &c. It is, in such cases, useful to employ emollient applications for some time previously to attempting the reduction, in order to produce such a relaxation, and diminution of the congestion, as may favour the efforts of the surgeon.