The reason this method has not been persevered in, but nearly abandoned, is owing to many causes: the difficulty and danger of the means adopted for charring, when either straw, fern, or shavings are made use of; the serious objection of burning the timber too deeply; or the encumbrance of the apparatus, and the length of time occupied, if sand-kilns sufficiently heated are used; and, finally, to indifference, or that system of routine, against which the wisest plans often contend in vain. In house-building, the charring process should be applied to the beams and joists embedded in the walls, or surrounded with plaster; to the joists of stables, washhouses, &c., which, although exposed to the free air, are constantly surrounded by a warm and moist atmosphere, an active cause of fermentation; to the wainscotting of ground floors; to the flooring beneath parquet work; to the joints of tongues and rabbets; for carbonization by means of gas still leaves to the wood, for working purposes, all the sharpness of its edges. Charring is particularly useful in the junction of all broad surfaces, and more essentially in those which are cut either transverse or oblique to the grain of the wood, as the sap vessels are then exposed to the absorption of moisture. The butts of timbers are peculiarly liable to rot, because of affording a lodgment for moisture without a free passage for air. No seasoned timber should have its tubular parts exposed, nor should any timber have the saw marks upon it, because the torn filaments absorb and retain moisture. Allusion has already been made to the process adopted, near Cherbourg, for preventing the decay of timber by means of gas. By carbonization, a practical and economical means is afforded to railway companies of preserving, almost for ever, the sleepers, and particularly oak, which cannot be impregnated easily by the injection of mineral salts. Let us suppose, for instance, that after, say ten or fifteen years, the sleepers on a line are taken up for the length of a mile, and replaced by new ones; the old, when rasped and burnt again, will serve for the replacing the following mile, and so on, one mile after the other. It might be equally serviceable to apply the same process to injected beech, for the reason that it is almost impossible to make the preserving liquid penetrate thoroughly the mass of the timber. SEASONING BY EXTRACTION OF SAP.