This Institution of established Justices (except with regard to the three Magistrates at Bow-street, and the Justices at the Marine Police Office,) was suggested to the Legislature, in consequence of the pressure felt by the Public, from the want of some regular and properly-constituted Tribunals for the distribution of justice; where the System should be uniform; and where the purity of the Magistrates, and their regular attendance, might insure to the People, the adjustment of their differences, at the least possible expence; and the assistance of gratuitous advice in every difficulty; as well as official aid, in all cases within the sphere of the Magistrates in their respective districts. The duty of these established Magistrates, (in conjunction with other Justices of the Peace, who find it convenient to give their assistance,) extends also to several important judicial proceedings; where, in a great variety of instances, they are empowered and required to _hear_ and _determine_, in a summary way; particularly in cases relative to the _customs, excise, and stamps--the game laws--hawkers and pedlars--pawn-brokers--friendly societies--highways--hackney coaches, carts, and other carriages--Quakers and others refusing to pay tythes--appeals of defaulters in parochial rates--misdemeanors committed by persons unlawfully pawning property not their own--bakers for short weight, &c.--journeymen leaving their services in different trades--labourers not complying with their agreements--disorderly apprentices--alehouse keepers keeping disorderly houses--nuisances by different Acts of Parliament--acts of vagrancy by fraudulent lottery insurers--fortune-tellers; or persons of evil fame found in avenues to public places, with an intent to rob--As well as a multitude of other offences, in which Justices have power to proceed to conviction and punishment, either by fine or imprisonment_. The duty of the Magistrates also extends to a vast number of other objects, such as _licencing Public Houses_, and establishing Rules and Orders for Publicans,[157] _watching over the conduct of Publicans--swearing in, charging and instructing parochial constables and headboroughs from year to year, with regard to their duty--issuing warrants for privy searches; and in considering the cases of persons charged with being disorderly persons, or rogues and vagabonds, liable to be punished under the Act of the 17th of George II. cap. 5, and subsequent acts of Parliament--in making orders to Parish Officers, Beadles, and Constables, in a variety of cases--in Parish Removals--in billeting soldiers--in considering the cases of poor persons applying for assistance, or admission to workhouses--in granting certificates and orders to the wives of persons serving in the Militia_, and also _in attesting recruits, for the Army--in attending the General and Quarter Sessions of the Peace, and in visiting the Workhouses, Bride-wells, and Prisons_.[158]