If we once admit that medical remedies can be used by the physician under the orders of the superintendent in order to enforce obedience or as punishment, where shall we stop? The physician and the superintendent can become in time accomplices in such practices as may lead to even fatal results, for such officials have almost absolute power in these institutions which are subjected to only occasional examinations by State committees. CHAPTER XXXV _Association for the Advancement of the Medical Education of Women--Coeducation or segregation--Dr. Zakrzewska leads another attempt to persuade Harvard to admit women to its Medical School (1881-1882)--Failure takes from Harvard final opportunity to be first great medical school to admit women on equal terms with men, this honor passing to the Johns Hopkins in 1890--Massachusetts Legislature directs that a woman physician be appointed in each State Hospital for insane patients--Dr. Zakrzewska takes a vacation in Europe--Letter to Mrs. Cheney and others--The New England Hospital requires all resident students to possess the degree of M.D., and changes their status to that of internes--The Hospital establishes District Nursing in its out-practice--Letter from Dr. Zakrzewska to Dr. Sewall who is on vacation in Europe--Dr. Zakrzewska compares earlier and later women medical students. (1879-1886.)_ As a further move in the campaign for opening the larger colleges to women, there was formed the Association for the Advancement of the Medical Education of Women. This association had a membership of medical and lay men and women from different parts of the country, and Dr. Mary Putnam-Jacobi was its president for many years. Mary Putnam, one of the earlier students of the New England Hospital, and a graduate of the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, was the first woman to be admitted to the _École de Médicine_ of the University of Paris, from which she was graduated in 1871. Later, she married the noted Dr. Abraham Jacobi of New York, becoming herself one of the most brilliant members of the profession in America. It will be remembered that in 1876 she was awarded the Boylston Prize of Harvard University, the identity, and consequently the sex, of the competitors for this honor remaining unknown to the judges until after the verdict was rendered. The above association not only carried on an educational campaign, but for several years it assisted the Woman’s Medical College of the New York Infirmary by paying part of the faculty’s salaries and by helping to enlarge the College and the Hospital. Although continuing the support of such separate women’s colleges as maintained their high standards, the leading medical women and the well-informed men and women of the laity still realized that these were (and in the nature of things, must be) only the lamps which are kept trimmed and burning as additional guaranties that the sacred fire shall never be extinguished.