[23] A law by which slaves who had escaped to free states were returned to their owners. The writer, as a boy, has seen many cruel instances of the manner in which the old slave law was carried out. But while great pains were taken to hunt down and return slaves who had escaped to free states, there was literally nothing done to return free coloured people who had been inveigled or carried by force to the South, and there sold as slaves. It was believed that, at one time, hardly a day passed during which a free black was not thus entrapped from Pennsylvania. The writer once knew, in Philadelphia, a boy of purely white blood, but of dark complexion, who narrowly escaped being kidnapped by downright violence, that he might be “sent South.” White children were commonly terrified by parents or nurses with “the kidnappers,” who would black their faces, and sell them. Even in the Northern cities, there were few grown-up negro men who had not, at one time or another, been hunted by the lower classes of whites through the streets in the most incredibly barbarous manner. [24] Arnold, p. 95. [25] George Bancroft, “Oration on Lincoln,” pp. 13, 14. [26] David R. Locke, who, under the name of Petroleum V. Nasby, wrote political satires much admired by Mr. Lincoln. [27] See Appendix. [28] This honour had only been twice conferred before--once on Washington, and once by brevet on General W. Scott.--Badeau’s “Life of Grant.” [29] Those who sympathised with the South were called Copperheads, after the deadly and treacherous snake of that name common in the Western and Southern United States. [30] Sherman’s Report, 1865; also, Report of Secretary of War, 1865. [31] Stephens’ Statement, Augusta, Georgia, “Chronicle,” June 17th, 1875. Quoted by Dr. Brockett, p. 579. [32] It should be said that Meade, under Grant’s orders, was, however, now one of Lee’s most vigorous pursuers. [33] _Vide_ Frank Moore’s “Rebellion Record,” 1864-5--Rumours and Incidents, p. 9. [34] See “Trial and Sentence of Beal and Kennedy,” M’Pherson’s “Political History,” pp. 552, 553. [35] The late Henry J. Raymond, then editor of the New York Times. [36] “White people”--civilised, decent, kind-hearted people. INDEX. Abolitionism, 49, 66, 122, 126, 168. Alabama, 145, 196. Anti-slavery protest, 48, 50, 51; resolutions, 59. Baldwin, John, the smith, 27. Barbarities, 186. Black regiment, charge of the, 161. Black’s (Judge) decision, 93. Blockade declared, 108. Booth, his plans, 221; antecedents, 223; death, 229. Border ruffians and outrages, 68, 69, 71. Buchanan, President, 92. Bull Run, 113, 114. Burnside, General, 142. Cabinet, treason in the, 92. Chancellorsville, battle of, 148. Chattanooga, battle of, 164. Clay, Henry, 57. Compromises of 1826 and 1850, 66. Confederate organisation in Europe, 117; agents in Canada, 197; proposals, 205. Conspiracies, suspected, 88.