"The middle row of maize cobs (small cobs with few grains) comes from families of the same derivation as the first row; but for five generations they have been self-fertilized. Each one has characters which the others do not possess. They are almost pure bred, and continued self-fertilization produces no further adverse influence. The cob, quite to the right, without grains, has pistils so short that they do not project from the husks. This genotype must, therefore, be fertilized artificially." "The lowest row (the largest cobs with the most grains) comes from families which have been created by the crossing of plants belonging to different genotypes, the relationship in which case is indicated by the lines which connect this row with the middle row." "The following harvests of grain were made in the year 1910:-- Self-fertilization prevented (average of nine families) 53.5 hi pro ha. Self-fertilized (average of ten families) 25.3 " " " F1 hybrid (average of six families) 59.2 " " " F2 hybrid (average of seven families) 38.8 " " " [Sidenote: C 112-114] It is well-known to what degree +inbreeding+ is practised in +reigning families+. We show as an example for this, Chart C 112, the +pedigree of the Archduchess Maria de los Dolores of Tuscany+, exhibited by Dr. Stephan Kekule von Stradonitz, and Chart C 113 of the same exhibitor, +pedigree of Ptolemäus X+. Soter II. (Lathros), and Chart C 114, +pedigree of the celebrated Cleopatra+. Though with Ptolemäus X. the effect of sexual reproduction in bringing about new combinations of hereditary units was very limited, since the couple, Ptolemäus V. Epiphanes and Cleopatra Syra having produced all the germ cells from which he developed, he appears, nevertheless, to have been a perfectly normal being. In his granddaughter Cleopatra certainly much "extraneous blood" circulated. [Sidenote: C 115] Even where there is no high degree of inbreeding, the individuals of a people are much more closely related to each other than is generally assumed. Table C 115, "+theoretical number of ancestors+," shows that, assuming the duration of one generation to be 35 years, and that no marriages between relations have taken place, the number of the ancestors of a man living now would have been eighteen billions in the year 0 a.d. In reality the germanic race, wandering west, probably only numbered hundreds of thousands. This phenomenon of "+ancestral loss+," as Ottokar Lorenz calls it (that the number of real ancestors is much smaller than those theoretically possible), can be illustrated in the pedigrees of the reigning houses. [Sidenote: C 116]