Knowledge, Theory of -- Early works to 1800; Philosophy -- Early works to 1800
§§91--98. Summary: Dialectic cannot lead to stable knowledge, its
processes are not applicable to a large number of philosophical
questions (91). You value the art, but remember that it gave rise to
fallacies like the _sorites_, which you say is faulty (92). If it is
so, refute it. The plan of Chrysippus to refrain from answering, will
avail you nothing (93). If you refrain because you _cannot_ answer,
your knowledge fails you, if you _can_ answer and yet refrain, you are
unfair (94). The art you admire really undoes itself, as Penelope did
her web, witness the _Mentiens_, (95). You assent to arguments which
are identical in form with the _Mentiens_, and yet refuse to assent to
it Why so? (96) You demand that these sophisms should be made
exceptions to the rules of Dialectic. You must go to a tribune for that
exception. I just remind you that Epicurus would not allow the very
first postulate of your Dialectic (97). In my opinion, and I learned
Dialectic from Antiochus, the _Mentiens_ and the arguments identical
with it in form must stand or fall together (98).
§91. _Inventam esse_: cf. 26, 27. _In geometriane_: with this inquiry into
the special function of Dialectic cf. the inquiry about Rhetoric in Plato
_Gorg._ 453 D, 454 C. _Sol quantus sit_: this of course is a problem for
φυσικη, not for διαλεκτικη. _Quod sit summum bonum_: not διαλεκτικη but
ηθικη must decide this. _Quae coniunctio_: etc. so Sext. often opposes
συμπλοκη or συνημμενον to διεζευγμενον, cf. esp _P.H._ II. 201, and Zeller
109 sq. with footnotes. An instance of a _coniunctio_ (hypothetical
judgment) is "_si lucet, lucet_" below, of a _disiunctio_ (disjunctive
judgment) "_aut vivet cras Hermarchus aut non vivet_". _Ambigue dictum_:
αμφιβολον, on which see _P.H._ II. 256, Diog VII. 62. _Quid sequatur_: το
ακολουθον, cf. I. 19 n. _Quid repugnet_: cf. I. 19, n. _De se ipsa_: the
_ipsa_, according to Cic.'s usage, is nom. and not abl. Petrus Valentia (p.
301, ed Orelli) justly remarks that an art is not to be condemned as
useless merely because it is unable to solve every problem presented to it.
He quotes Plato's remarks (in _Rep._ II.) that the Expert is the man who
knows exactly what his art can do and what it cannot. Very similar
arguments to this of Cic. occur in Sext., cf. esp. _P.H._ II. 175 and the
words εαυτου εσται εκκαλυπτικον. For the mode in which Carneades dealt with
Dialectic cf. Zeller 510, 511. The true ground of attack is that Logic
always _assumes_ the truth of phenomena, and cannot _prove_ it. This was
clearly seen by Aristotle alone of the ancients; see Grote's essay on the
Origin of Knowledge, now reprinted in Vol II. of his _Aristotle_.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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