[11]The crude theory that sympathy is the foundation of altruism was noticed by Hutcheson. In his _System of Moral Philosophy_ (B. I. ch. iii.) he writes: “Others say that we regard the good of others, or of societies ... as the means of some subtiler pleasures of our own by sympathy with others in their happiness.” But this sympathy, he adds, “can never account for all kind affections, tho’ it is no doubt a natural principle and a beautiful part of our constitution.” [12]Mr. Rae’s _Life of Adam Smith_, pp. 148-9. Mr. Rae also says that it contained none of the alterations or additions that Hume expected, and expresses surprise that the additions, etc., which had been placed in the printer’s hands in 1760 were not incorporated in the text until the publication of the sixth edition thirty years afterwards. On the other hand, he says that the _Dissertation on the Origin of Languages_ was added. But the _Dissertation_ was first appended in the third edition (1767). [13]See _Moral Sentiments_, 1st edition, p. 464. [14]_Origine de l’inégalité. Partie première_, pp. 376, 377. _Édition d’Amsterdam des œuvres diverses de J. J. Rousseau._ The reference is from _Moral Sentiments_, 3rd ed. p. 440. [15]Millar adds: “The great Montesquieu pointed out the road. He was the Lord Bacon in this branch of philosophy. Dr. Smith is the Newton.” [16]Cp. _Wealth of Nations_, Book I. chap. iii. [17]And even Hume, as Smith warned his class, had not quite emancipated himself from mercantilist misconceptions. [18]_Lectures_, p. 241: “Excise raises the price of commodities and makes fewer people able to carry on business. If a man purchase £1000 worth of tobacco he has a hundred pounds of tax to pay, and therefore cannot deal to such an extent as he would otherwise do. Thus, as it requires greater stock to carry on trade, the dealers must be fewer, and the rich have, as it were, a monopoly against the poor.” [19]Uztariz, _Theory and Practice of Commerce and Maritime Affairs_, translated by John Kippax, 1751, vol. ii. p. 52. The allusion has been discovered by Mr. Edwin Cannan. See _Lectures_, p. 246. [20]_Wealth of Nations_ (1776), Book V. chap. i. art. 2. [21]Tytler’s _Kames_, i. p. 278. [22]See Faujas Saint-Fond, _Travels in England and Scotland_, vol. ii. p. 241. [23]See _Garrick Correspondence_, vol. ii. pp. 549, 550. [24]See letter from Adam Smith to T. Cadell printed in the _Economic Journal_ for September 1898. It appears that the last two books he had ordered were Postlethwait’s _Dictionary of Trade_ and Anderson’s _Deduction of the Origin of Commerce_. Neither appears in Mr. Bonar’s catalogue of his library.