"O sorrow and shame! Can this be she--
The lady who knelt at the old oak tree?"
. . .
"A star hath set, a star hath risen,
O Geraldine, since arms of thine
Have been the lovely lady's prison.
O Geraldine, one hour was thine." {11}
If Coleridge knew, why did he never tell? And yet he maintains that "in
the very first conception of the tale, I had the whole present to my
mind, with the wholeness no less than with the liveliness of a vision,"
and he expected to finish the three remaining parts within the year. The
year was 1816, the poem was begun in 1797, and finished, as far as it
goes, in 1800. If Coleridge ever knew what he meant, he had time to
forget. The chances are that his indolence, or his forgetfulness, was
the making of "Christabel," which remains a masterpiece of supernatural
suggestion.
For description it suffices to read the "Ancient Mariner." These
marvels, truly, are _speciosa miracula_, and, unlike Southey, we believe
as we read. "You have selected a passage fertile in unmeaning miracles,"
Lamb wrote to Southey (1798), "but have passed by fifty passages as
miraculous as the miracles they celebrate." Lamb appears to have been
almost alone in appreciating this masterpiece of supernatural
description. Coleridge himself shrank from his own wonders, and wanted
to call the piece "A Poet's Reverie." "It is as bad as Bottom the
weaver's declaration that he is not a lion, but only the scenical
representation of a lion. What new idea is gained by this title but one
subversive of all credit--which the tale should force upon us--of its
truth?" Lamb himself was forced, by the temper of the time, to declare
that he "disliked all the miraculous part of it," as if it were not _all_
miraculous! Wordsworth wanted the Mariner "to have a character and a
profession," perhaps would have liked him to be a gardener, or a butler,
with "an excellent character!" In fact, the love of the supernatural was
then at so low an ebb that a certain Mr. Marshall "went to sleep while
the 'Ancient Mariner' was reading," and the book was mainly bought by
seafaring men, deceived by the title, and supposing that the "Ancient
Mariner" was a nautical treatise.
In verse, then, Coleridge succeeds with the supernatural, both by way of
description in detail, and of suggestion. If you wish to see a failure,
try the ghost, the moral but not affable ghost, in Wordsworth's
"Laodamia." It is blasphemy to ask the question, but is the ghost in
"Hamlet" quite a success? Do we not see and hear a little too much of
him? Macbeth's airy and viewless dagger is really much more successful
by way of suggestion. The stage makes a ghost visible and familiar, and
this is one great danger of the supernatural in art. It is apt to insist
on being too conspicuous. Did the ghost of Darius, in "AEschylus,"
frighten the Athenians? Probably they smiled at the imperial spectre.
There is more discretion in Caesar's ghost--
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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