FIG. 94.—The Peacock Butterfly (_Vanessa io_), with pupa, and larva suspended before passing into the pupa state. ] Among butterflies with larvæ that become suspended pupæ are the =Red Admiral= (_Vanessa atalanta_), the =Peacock= (_Vanessa io_, Fig. 94), the =Fritillaries= (_Argynnis_), the =Meadow Browns= (_Hipparchia_), etc.; and among those with girdled pupæ the =Swallow Tail= (_Papilio machaon_), the =Whites= (_Pieris_), etc. The =Cabbage White=, or =Large White= (_Pieris Brassicæ_). _Butterfly_: Length a little over an inch, span of wing 2½ inches. Both fore and hind wings milky white, the former black at the root, on the front edge, and the outer angle; also a black patch on the inner margin of the fore wing, passing on to the front margin of the hind wing. The female possesses, in addition, two round black patches on the middle of each fore wing. Under side of the fore wings milky white, yellow at the tip, blackish at the root; under side of the hind wings yellow, with black dots. _Caterpillar_ (Fig. 95): As much as 1⅓ inch long; greenish, or sulphur yellow, with black dots. Head and dorsal side of last segment of the body grey with black spots. Young specimens are of a very bright green with black wartlets closely crowded together. [Illustration: FIG. 95.—The Cabbage White (_Pieris brassicæ_) female laying her eggs; caterpillar, and pupa. ] From the pupæ which have lived through the winter butterflies emerge in May, and lay their golden yellow eggs in small heaps on the under sides of the leaves of rape, mustard, and cress, also on charlock and such-like cruciferous weeds. The caterpillars of this first generation are hatched in fourteen days, and rarely do any harm, since they only appear in small numbers. They develop rapidly, and during the last days of June become pupæ on the branches and leaves of the plants they live on; the butterflies appear in July. Owing to their rapid development the caterpillars and pupæ of this first generation are but little exposed to the attacks of enemies (ichneumons, birds, etc.). Only a few of them die, therefore, if the weather is favourable. As a result of this, the July butterflies and the eggs laid by them are relatively numerous, so that the number of caterpillars appearing in late summer may be very large. These caterpillars, however, live almost exclusively on the various kinds of cabbage and kohl rabi, and it is this second generation which in many years is so harmful. At the beginning of August the caterpillars are ready to become pupæ, and for this purpose they seek tree stems, hedges, walls, etc. The pupæ now formed live as such through the winter. During this period, however, they are exposed to many dangers (damp, cold, sudden alternation between very low and very high temperatures; ichneumons, birds), and most of them perish, so that only a few butterflies come out the following spring, and lay but a few eggs.