Perennial with a long creeping rootstock, not growing in clumps, 1—2 feet high, sparingly close-hairy or nearly smooth, very leafy. Leaves lanceolate; often acuminate, 1½—2½ inches long, rather firm, 3-veined, the upper seldom if ever cleft. Flowers in a compact terminal head; bracts bright scarlet, oblong, obtuse; calyx 1 inch long, crimson or scarlet with a green base about equally cleft; corolla yellowish-green, ½ an inch longer than the calyx. In moist open woods throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on the eastern slope; flowering in June and July. [Sidenote: =Orthocarpus luteus= Nutt. _Yellow Orthocarpus._] Annual, rough-hairy; stems stout, erect, branched above or simple, 6—18 inches high, densely leafy. Leaves erect or ascending, linear or lanceolate, entire or sometimes 3-cleft, 1—1½ inches long, sessile, long acuminate; bracts of the dense spike lanceolate, broader and shorter than the leaves, entire or 3-cleft, green, mostly longer than the flowers. Flowers bright yellow, an inch long or less, the upper lip ovate, obtuse, about as long as the sac-like 3-toothed lower one. In open ground in the lower valleys throughout the region as far west as the valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth; flowering throughout the summer. [Sidenote: =Elephantella grœnlandica= (Retz.) Rydb. _Long-beaked Elephantella._] Whole plant usually purple, smooth; stem simple, erect, 1—1½ feet high. Leaves alternate, lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or the lower pinnately divided into lanceolate, acute, crenulate, or incised segments, the upper sessile, the lower slender-petioled 2—6 inches long. Flowers in a very dense spike 1—6 inches long; calyx short, acutish; corolla red or purple, the galea produced into a slender beak ½—¾ of an inch long, which is decurved against the lower lip and upwardly recurved beyond it; body of the corolla about ¼ of an inch long. In open bogs and wet alpine meadows at the higher altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in July. [Sidenote: =Pedicularis racemosa= Dougl. _White Lousewort._] Smooth throughout, simple or sometimes branching, 6—18 inches high. Leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate, 2—4 inches long. Flowers short-pedicelled in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower remote in the axils of the leaves; corolla white, showy, the galea which is half an inch long produced into a slender, elongated, incurved beak nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip. At the higher altitudes in the Rockies in moist open ground and alpine meadows, flowering in July. [Sidenote: =Pedicularis bracteosa= Benth. _Wood Betony._] Smooth, 1—3 feet high; leaves 3—10 inches long, all pinnately parted, the lower divided, ample; divisions of the leaves ½—2 inches long, linear-lanceolate. Flowers crowded in a cylindrical, leafy-bracted spike, 2—6 inches long; corolla less than an inch long, pale yellow or reddish, the galea much longer than the lip with a hooded summit.