Slightly hairy or smooth, simple or somewhat branched, 18 inches to 2 feet high, bright green. Leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, loosely veined, tapering at the apex into a slender-spined tip, the larger sometimes with a few small acute teeth. Heads ½ an inch high, hemispherical, either racemosely disposed on slender axillary peduncles, or somewhat cymose; involucral bracts mostly acute or acuminate, some outer ones loose, narrow, and partly herbaceous, or with loose pointed tips; inner purplish; rays about ½ an inch long, spreading, violet or pinkish. In open woods and on slopes, principally in the Rockies at the higher elevations; flowering during July. [Sidenote: =Rudbeckia hirta= L. _Black-eyed Susan, Yellow Daisy._] Rough-hairy throughout, stems simple or sparingly branched, often tufted, 1—3 feet high. Leaves thick, sparingly serrate with low teeth or entire, lanceolate or oblong, the lower and basal ones petioled, mostly obtuse, 3—5-nerved, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, the upper sessile, narrower, acute or acutish. Heads commonly few or solitary, 2—4 inches broad; rays 10—20, deep yellow or orange; bracts of the involucre very rough-hairy; spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the rays; disc globose-ovoid, purple-brown. Throughout the region, not infrequent along the railway from Field west to the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in July and August. [Sidenote: =Helianthus scaberrimus= Ell. _Stiff Sunflower._] Stems simple or a little branched, rough-hairy or only slightly so, 1—8 feet high. Leaves thick, leathery, serrate, rough-hairy on both sides, 2—7 inches long, ½—2 inches wide, acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower ovate or ovate-oblong, petioled, the upper lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, all opposite, or the uppermost bract-like and alternate. Heads solitary or few, 2—3 inches broad, involucre hemispheric, its bracts ovate, acute or obtuse, fringed with hairs; disc brown or purple; rays 15—25, light yellow. Frequent along the railway in the valley of the Kicking Horse River and in the valley of the Columbia at Beavermouth; flowering in August. [Sidenote: =Helianthus Nuttallii= Torr and Gray. _Nuttall’s Sunflower._] Stem smooth, except the summit which is soft-hairy, slender, mostly simple, 2—4 feet high. Leaves rough on both surfaces, lanceolate or the upper linear, 3—6 inches long, ¼—¾ of an inch wide, frequently opposite, serrulate or entire. Heads ½ an inch high, scattered; bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate with a subulate tip, hairy at the base; rays narrow, acute, deep yellow, 1—1½ inches long. In moist grounds and on river banks throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during July. [Illustration: _a_ Erigeron aureus Greene. Golden Fleabane. _b_ Gaillardia aristata Pursh. (⅗ Nat.) Great-flowered Gaillardia.] [Sidenote: =Gaillardia aristata= Pursh. _Great-flowered Gaillardia._]