Most of the asymmetrical shapes of the flagellates, ciliates, rotifers,
etc., have originated in phylogeny without regard to swimming in spiral
paths, and indeed in spite of it. In spindle-shaped organisms like
euglena or paramecium the amount of energy required to revolve on the
long axis, as compared with that required for forward movement, is
small. But in stylonychia, a dorso-ventrally flattened ciliate, much
more energy is required to revolve the animal, proportionally, than is
needed for forward movement. It is of course perfectly evident that as a
problem in engineering it requires much more energy to revolve a flat
plate on its long axis than a spindle-shaped solid, in a dense medium
like water. But in spite of all the obstacles to revolution which
asymmetry of body form presents, none of them are serious enough to
prevent revolution from occurring, unless the keeled rotifer _Euchlanis_
(Jennings, ’01) presents such a case. Observation would lead one to
believe, however, that the compressed body forms of some of the
hypotrichans and some of the flagellates such as phacus, have made
revolution on the long axis very difficult; but not difficult enough to
destroy the tendency to revolve and describe spirals. In short, these
organisms spiralize in spite of asymmetry, not because of it.
A simple but decisive experiment by Jennings (’06) showed that the
revolution and the forward movement of a paramecium is due to the
oblique stroke of the cilia, for the severed posterior portion of a
paramecium, which is symmetrical, nevertheless still revolves during
progression. The question now arises whether this oblique stroke is
analyzable into components in another way than by local stimulation; for
example, can one increase or decrease the amount of revolution faster
than the amount of progression? Observation of paramecium and euglena in
different temperatures answers this question affirmatively. Organisms
from the same culture were subjected to two temperatures, the culture
temperature of 21° C. and 8° C. At temperatures lower than 8° C. the
paramecia quickly precipitated to the bottom of the dish.
In 21° C. paramecia revolve once while swimming 5.5 body lengths.
In 21° C. euglenas revolve once while swimming 4.2 body lengths.
In 8° C. paramecia revolve once while swimming 3.6 body lengths.
In 8° C. euglenas revolve once while swimming ¼ to 2 body lengths.
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