The main features of the movements of diatoms are very similar to those
of Oscillatoria. Müller (’89, ’97, ’99) has shown that the gliding
movements of diatoms are not due to the ejection of water, but to the
streaming of protoplasm on the outside of the shells. Foreign particles
are carried by these shallow streams of protoplasm in quite the same
manner as by the surface film of the ameba. And there seems to be no
evidence against the assumption that these shallow streams, at least the
surface films over them, owe their movement to changes in surface
tension.
Desmids also glide about slowly, leaving a track of mucus behind. Only
one explanation for locomotion has been advanced, and that is that it is
due to the secretion of mucus (Klebs, ’85). This explanation is likely
to be as wide of the mark as the similar explanation in the case of
Oscillatoria. There is no question concerning the excretion of mucus,
but the source of the locomotive energy is probably here also surface
energy, though the observational data are too few to try to locate the
regions where the changes in tension occur.
It has been a matter of considerable surprise to me to find that the
so-called “crawling” euglenas, in addition to the diatoms, desmids,
Oscillatoria, Beggiatoa and perhaps other forms of life such as the
Gregarinidas, also possess extra-cellular films which carry particles
as do amebas and Oscillatoria, and move about through the agency of this
film. The film travels spirally around the euglena as it does in
Oscillatoria filaments. In at least two species the film moves parallel
to the spiral striations on the outer surface. In one species no spiral
striations could be detected, although the film moved spirally. The
species of euglenas in which these movements were observed, were not
identified.
The character of the movement of the euglenas is very similar to that of
the diatoms excepting that most of the diatoms do not revolve on their
longitudinal axes. The movement of particles on the surface film of
euglenas is quite like that in Oscillatoria, though it is only under
exceptional circumstances that one can see particles attached to the
surface film. The movement of the particles indicates that the surface
film moves from the anterior end toward the posterior end, but whether
the “spine” is to be included was not definitely determined. The degree
of cohesiveness of the film is high, for locomotion is rapid, even if
only a small part of the posterior end is in contact with the
substratum, as when moving over an Oscillatoria filament. To one who has
seen the movements of the surface films of amebas, diatoms and
Oscillatorial filaments, the most reasonable conclusion seems to be that
the cause of locomotion in crawling euglenas is the same as that in
Oscillatoria and diatoms.
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