IV. But though the suspicion of electricity being communicated from the air, or from the person who performed the experiment, was lessened or removed, there were still some who thought that the objection in regard to metals could not be obviated in the same manner. The idea generally entertained, that all the contractions ascribed to animal electricity were to be ascribed only to external electricity, proceeding from the armatures, and not to any electric virtue in the animals, seemed to be strengthened. Carradori, who had made this objection, afterwards altered his opinion, and became a strenuous advocate for animal electricity; but the celebrated Volta still entertained great doubts. These he communicated to me in a long letter, and they were afterwards published in the Pavian Journals. All his doubts were founded on this circumstance: heterogeneous metals are required to produce contractions; one of which becomes charged positively and the other negatively; and it is only in the act of restoring an equilibrium between them that muscular contractions are excited. V. This simple and ingenious idea was no doubt highly captivating; but the experiments made by Galvani and by myself prevented me from adopting it entirely; for it is evident from Galvani’s Dissertation, and from my own observations, that if the muscles and nerves of a frog be immersed in two vessels filled with water, contractions will be produced on the application of a metallic arc. Here then we have muscular contractions with one arc and with one metal. Living frogs subjected to the action of rarefied or of condensed air, and afterwards dissected in the usual manner, exhibit contractions without any armature, and merely by a silver arc applied to the muscles and nerves; and this is always the case, whether the frogs be large and strong, or small and weak. While engaged with these experiments, Galvani informed our academy that he had obtained contractions in large and vigorous frogs, which had been recently dissected, without the help of the air pump and without armatures, merely by the application of an arc. The same thing occurred to Carradori, who, though he at first entertained doubts on this subject, was afterwards convinced of the truth of the phænomenon. It still however appeared to me, notwithstanding the results obtained by Galvani and Carradori, that the animal electricity of frogs was excited in more abundance by the action of the air pump, even without the application of armatures.