Here, again, I must beg to refer the reader (if he desires such information) to Reland’s account of the ghusl, and the occasions which require its performance.—De Rel. Moh., pp. 66-77, ed. 1717. Footnote 115: Seggádehs, of the kind here described, are now sold in London, under the name of Persian carpets or Persian rugs. Footnote 116: I have called this the first, because the Mohammadan day commences from sunset; but the morning prayer is often termed the first; the prayer of noon, the second; and so on. Footnote 117: The ’eshë of the Sháfe’ees, Málikees, and Hambel′ees, is when the red gleam (“esh-shafak el-ahmar”) after sunset has disappeared; and that of the Hanafees, when both the red and the white gleam have disappeared. Footnote 118: Generally on the first faint appearance of light in the east. The Hanafees mostly perform the morning-prayer a little later, when the yellow gleam (“el-isfirár”) appears: this they deem the most proper time, but they may pray earlier. Footnote 119: The ’asr, according to the Sháfe’ees, Málikees, and Hambel’ees, is when the shade of an object, cast by the sun, is equal to the length of that object, added to the length of the shade which the same object casts at noon; and, according to the Hanafees, when the shadow is equal to _twice_ the length of the object added to the length of its mid-day shadow. Footnote 120: Here is added, in the morning call, “Prayer is better than sleep!” (twice.) Footnote 121: A common air, to which the adán is chanted in Cairo, will be given in the chapter on Egyptian music. Footnote 122: They are few who do so. Footnote 123: Kur-án, ch. xcviii., _v._ 4. Footnote 124: Same, ch. ix., _v._ 32, and ch. lxi., _v._ 8. Footnote 125: This exclamation (“Yá rabb!”) is made in a very loud tone. Footnote 126: The word “ebed” is here used adverbially, signifying “for ever.” Footnote 127: These words, “The perfection of Him who spake,” etc. (“subhána men kellema,” etc.), are pronounced in a very high and loud tone. Footnote 128: See Kur-án, ch. vii., _v._ 139. Footnote 129: “Aboo-Farrág” is a surname of a famous saint, the seyyid Ahmad El-Bedawee, buried at Tanta in the Delta: it implies that he obtains relief to those who visit his tomb, and implore his intercession. Footnote 130: The morning-prayers, two rek’ahs sunneh and two fard: the noon, four sunneh and four fard; the afternoon, the same; the evening, three fard and two sunneh; and the night-prayers (or ’eshë), four sunneh and four fard, and two sunneh again. After these are yet to be performed three rek’ahs “witr;” _i.e._, single or separate prayers: these may be performed immediately after the ’eshë prayers, or at any time in the night; but are more meritorious if _late_ in the night. Footnote 131: