_Urédo cáries_ is the “bunt” of corn. It grows within the grain, filling it with a sooty, fœtid mass. The spores (Pl. VII. fig. 6) are considerably larger than those of the last species, and their surface is distinctly reticulated. They are attached to the filaments of the mycelium, as in _Uredo segetum_. The spores of both these species of _Uredo_ may be found in most kinds of flour and bread, especially in those of inferior quality. _Urédo can´dida_ (Pl. VII. fig. 7) is another species, forming white dots upon the leaves of the common Shepherd’s Purse (_Capsel´la bur´sa pastor´is_)--which is easily recognized by the form and arrangement of the pods (fig. 19). The spores (_s_) are rather large and white. Other species of _Uredo_ are very common upon numerous species of weeds or wild flowering plants; and they so closely resemble each other that, when one is known, the others are easily recognized. Usually each species occurs upon a distinct species of plant, as is the case with parasites generally. In many of them the spots (_sori_) exhibit a thin membrane covering the spores, which bursts down the middle, so as to bear some resemblance to a capsule. But there is no true capsule, the membrane consisting of the epidermis of the leaf or stalk of the plant, which is raised and torn by the expansion of the growing fungus; so that the peridium is spurious, as belonging to the matrix, and not to the fungus. It may be mentioned here that the so-called species of _Uredo_ are not truly distinct species, but are the forms of species of _Puccinia_, _Phragmidium_, &c.; so that the latter genera have two kinds of fruit, one of which is a _Uredo_, the other a _Puccinia_. But I must refer to the Dictionary for further details upon this point. HYPHOMYCE´TES (ὑφἁω, to weave, μὑκης, fungus). In this, the 4th Order of Fungi, are contained many of the commonest moulds which are found growing upon decaying substances, and sometimes upon living plants. The mycelium creeps among the particles of the substance, or the elements of the tissues, upon which the Fungus lives, in the form of slender threads or filaments. The spores, which are either simple or partitioned (septate), and naked, occur either singly or in rows at the ends of fine interwoven cottony threads or _floc´ci_ (_floc´cus_, a flock of wool), which are generally very evident to the naked eye. The threads supporting the spores form the _ped´icels_ (_pedicel´lus_, a little foot). In technical descriptions, these filaments, which are usually composed of cells arranged end to end, are said to be _septate_ (Pl. VII. fig. 26), and not jointed, as in the case of the filaments of the _Confervæ_, which are constructed in a similar manner. When not septate, the filaments are said to be _continuous_.