I. Cities (ch. 1). Of India (6), Persia (7–10), Mesopotamia (12–13), Syria (14–15), Palestine (16–26), Phoenicia (27–28), Egypt (31–36), Asia Minor (37–41), Greece (43–48), Italy (49–62), Gaul (63–65), Spain (66–72), Northern Africa (74–77). II. Architecture.[353] 1. City architecture (ch. 2). a. Kinds of cities (3–14). b. Walls (17–21). c. Gates, squares, sewers, etc. (22–46). 2. Dwellings (ch. 3). 3. Buildings for religious purposes (ch. 4). 4. Storehouses (ch. 5). 5. Workshops (ch. 6). 6. Entrances (ch. 7). 7. Parts of buildings (ch. 8). 8. Defences (ch. 9). 9. Tents (ch. 10). 10. Tombs (ch. 11). 11. Buildings in the country (ch. 12). III. Fields, landmarks, land-measures[354] (chs. 13–15). IV. Roads (ch. 16). [353] Architecture appears in a disintegrated form in the _Etymologies_ (bks. xv, chs. 2–12; xix, chs. 8–19). A comparison with Vitruvius’s work on architecture (translated by J. Gwilt, London, 1880) shows that the main differences between the subjects treated by Isidore and those in Vitruvius’s work lie in the omission by the former of the account of building materials (bk. ii), temple architecture, water supply (bk. viii), dialling, and mechanics. [354] See Introd., p. 32. The two chapters, “De Mensuris Agrorum” and “De Itineribus,” together with three chapters of bk. xvi, “De Ponderibus,” “De Mensuris,” “De Signis,” are given in Hultsch, _Metrologicorum Scriptorum Reliquiae_, Leipzig, 1886 (_Scriptores Romani_ in vol. ii). Hultsch finds (vol. ii, 34) that Isidore made use of Columella and a number of minor writers on these subjects. EXTRACTS Chapter 1. On cities. 5. The Jews assert that Shem, son of Noah, whom they call Melchisedeck, was the first after the flood to found the city of Salem in Syria, in which was the kingdom of the same Melchisedeck. This city the Jebusaei held later, from whom it got the name Jebus, and so the two names being united, Jebus and Salem became Hierusalem, and this was later called Hierosolyma by Solomon, as if Hierosolomonia. 42. Constantinople, a city of Thrace, Constantine called after his own name, the only city equal to Rome in deeds and power. This was first founded by Pausanias, king of the Spartans, and called Byzantium, because it extends between the Adriatic and the Propontis, or because it is a store-house for the wealth of land and sea.[355] Whence Constantine judged it very fit to become his store-house for land and sea. And it is now the seat of Roman power, and the capital of the whole Orient, as Rome is of the Occident. [355] Isidore probably had in mind some derivation of Byzantium, which would explain his meaning here, but he gives no hint of what it was.