An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
62. Sense-Figures. 62.1 There are
two types of objects which can be included under the general name of
'figures'; objects of one type will be termed 'sense-figures,' and of
the other type 'geometrical figures.'
Figures of either type arise from the perception of the relation of
sense-objects to the properties which their situations have in respect
to their relations of extension with other events. The primary type of
figure is the sense-figure and the geometrical figure is derivative from
it.
62.2 Every sort of sense-object will have its own peculiar sort
of sense-figure. The sense-figures associated with some sorts of
sense-objects (e.g. smells and tastes) are barely perceptible, whereas
the sense-figures associated with other sorts of sense-objects (e.g.
sights and touches) are of insistent obviousness. The condition that a
sense-object should have a figure within a given duration can be
precisely stated: A sense-object , as perceived in a situation
which extends throughout a duration of a time-system
, possesses a figure in , if every volume of ,
lying in a moment of inherent in , is congruent with
every other such volume.
Owing to the inexactitude of perception small quantitative defects from
the rigorous fulfilment of this condition do not in practice hinder the
perception of figure. Namely, the possession of sense-figure follows
from the sufficiently approximate fulfilment of this condition. The
durations which are important from the point of view of sense-figures
are those which form present durations of perceptions—in general,
those durations which are cogredient with a percipient event and are
each short enough to form one immediate present. Thus in the numerous
instances in which there is no large change within such an immediate
present, there is a perceived figure. Accordingly we can define a
sense-figure precisely as follows:
The figure, for a time-system , of sense-object in
situation is the relation holding, and only holding, between
and any -volume congruent to a member of the set of
-volumes of .
This definition is only important when the -volumes of
are all nearly congruent to each other; because only in that
case is this relation recognisable in perception.
62.3 Thus, each sense-object is primarily capable of its own sort
of sense-figure and of that sort only. There are the sense-figures of
blue of one shade, and the sense-figures of blue of another shade, and
the separate sets of figures belonging to all the shades of reds and
greens and yellows. There is the set of figures of the touch of velvet,
and the set of figures of the touch of marble at particular temperatures
of hand and surface and with a particular polish of surface.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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