An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
This distinction between what is 'perceived' and what is 'really
perceived' does not solely arise from time differences. For example
Alciphron, in Berkeley's dialogue, sees a crimson cloud. Suppose that he
had seen the cloud in a mirror. He would have 'seen' crimson as situated
in an event behind the mirror, but he would have 'really seen' the cloud
behind him.
These examples show that the property of being the situation of a
sense-object for a given percipient event is in some respects a trivial
property of an event. Yet, in other respects, it is very important;
namely, it is important for the consciousness associated with the
percipient event. The situations of sense-objects form the whole basis
of our knowledge of nature, and the whole structure of natural knowledge
is founded on the analysis of their relations.
23.6 The definiteness for human percipients of the situations of
sense-objects varies greatly for different types of such objects. The
sound of a bell is in the bell, it fills the room, and jars the brain.
The feeling a push against a hard rock is associated with the rock as
hardness and with the body as effort, where hardness and effort are
objects of sense. This duplication of sense-objects is a normal fact in
perception, though one of the two associated pair, either the one in the
body or the one in a situation separated from the body, is usually
faintly perceived and indeterminate as to situation.
23.7 The relationship between a sense-object and nature, so far
as it is restricted to one percipient event and one situation, is
completed by the conditioning events. The special characters in which
they enter into that relationship depend on the particular case under
consideration. Conditioning events may be divided into two main classes
which are not strictly discriminated from each other. Namely, there are
the events which are 'passive' conditions and the events which are
'active' conditions. An event which is an active condition is a cause of
the occurrence of the sense-object in its situation for the percipient
event; at least, it can be so termed in one of the many meanings of the
word 'cause.' Also space and time are presupposed as the setting within
which the particular events occur. But space and time are merely
expressive of the relations of extension among the whole ether of
events. Thus this presupposition of space and time really calls in all
events of all nature as passive conditions for that particular
perception of the sense-object. The laws of nature express the
characters of the active conditioning events and of the percipient
events, which issue in the recognition of a definite sense-object in an
assigned situation.
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