An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
Consider four moments which constitute an
instance of case (iv). Let be the level which is the
intersection of and , and let be the rect which is
the intersection of . Then the rect
does not lie in the level . The rect intersects
the level in the common intersection of the four moments.
This common intersection is an instantaneous point in the instantaneous
spaces of the moments. In accordance with our practice of avoiding the
conventional spatial terms when speaking of an instantaneous space, we
have called this intersection a 'punct.' Since space is
three-dimensional, any moment either covers every member of a given
punct or covers none of its members. A punct represents the ideal of the
maximum simplicity of absolute position in the instantaneous space of a
moment in which it lies.
35.4 It is tempting, on the mathematical
analogy of four-dimensional space, to assert the existence of unlimited
events which may be called the complete intersections of pairs of
non-parallel durations. It is dangerous however blindly to follow
spatial analogies; and I can find no evidence for such unlimited events,
forming the complete intersections of pairs of intersecting durations,
except in the excluded case of parallelism when the complete
intersection (if it exist) is itself a duration. Accordingly, apart from
parallelism, it may be assumed that the events extended over by a pair
of intersecting durations are all finite events. No change in the sequel
is required if the existence of such infinite events be asserted.
36. Parallelism and Order. 36.1
Two levels which are the intersections of one moment with two parallel
moments are called 'parallel.' Two parallel levels do not intersect, and
conversely two levels in the same moment which do not intersect are
parallel.
In any moment there will be a complete system of levels parallel to a
given level in that moment, and such levels will be parallel to each
other.
Similarly 'parallel' rects are defined by the intersection of parallel
levels with a given level, all in one moment. Thus within any moment the
whole theory of euclidean parallelism (so far as it is non-metrical)
follows, and need not be further elaborated except to note the existence
of parallelograms.
36.2 The definitions of parallel levels and of parallel rects can
be extended to include levels and rects which are not co-momental:
(i) Two levels, and ′ are parallel if is the intersection
of moments and , and ′ of moments ′ and
′, where is parallel to ′ and to
′:
(ii) Two rects, and ′, are parallel if is the intersection
of co-momental levels and , and ′ of comomental
levels ′ and ′, where is parallel to ′
and to ′.
A moment and a rect which do not intersect are parallel. A rect either
intersects a moment in one punct, or is parallel to it, or is contained
in it.
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