An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledgeWhitehead, Alfred North
Philosophy
An enquiry concerning the principles of natural knowledge
Whitehead, Alfred North
Knowledge, Theory of; Science -- Philosophy; Space and time
'Uniform' objects are objects with a certain smoothness in their
temporal relations, so that they require no minimum quantum of
time-lapse in the events which are their situations. These are objects
which can be said to exist 'at a given moment.' For example, a tune is
not an uniform object; but a chair, as ordinarily recognised, is such an
object. The example of the chair, and the dissolution of its continuous
materials with specific physical constants into assemblages of
electrons, warn us that a problem remains over for discussion after we
shall have defined the meaning to be assigned to 'uniformity.'
54.2 In order to explain more precisely the theory of uniform
objects, it is convenient to make a few definitions:
A 'slice' of an event in a time-system is that part of
lying between two moments of , where both moments
intersect . The two moments are called the terminal moments of the
slice, and the volumes in which the terminal moments intersect are
called the terminal volumes. For brevity a slice of in the
time-system is called an '-slice of .'
It follows from the continuity of events that any -moment
lying between the terminal moments of an -slice of
intersects in a volume. Such a volume is called an
-section of the slice. A slice is itself an event which
stretches throughout the duration bounded by its terminal moments. Thus
if the duration be the specious present for some percipient, the slice
of is the part of the event e which falls within that specious
present.
54.3 The properties of uniform objects will be enunciated as a set
of laws regulating their character.
Law I. If be any time-system and be a situation of an
uniform object , then an -slice of exists which
is a situation of .
Law II. If be any time-system and be a situation
of an uniform object and ′ be an -slice of which
is a situation of , then every -slice of ′ is a
situation of .
Law I can roughly be construed as meaning that if an uniform object
has been situated in any event, then there is some period of time
(in any time-system) during which it has existed; and in the same way
Law II means that if an uniform object has existed during any period of
time, then it has existed during any shorter period within that period.
These laws are obvious as applied to uniform objects, but not so obvious
for objects in general, as 'object' is here defined. For example a
musical note cannot exist in a period of time shorter than its period of
vibration, and a percipient whose specious present was too short could
not hear it. It follows from law II that if an uniform object O is
situated in an event and ′ be an -slice of
which is a situation of , then an abstractive class of
-slices converging to any -section of ′ can be
found such that is situated in each member of the class. Hence
evidently is located in every -section of ′. This
is the conception of an uniform object being located in a spatial volume
at a durationless moment of time.
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