_Unciarum foenus_, doubtful meaning of, 160. Usufruct, Aquinas on, 38. Usurers, _see_ Usury. Usury and the clergy, 169. a sin against justice, 175. attitude of the Apostles, 168. attitude of various religious and legal systems, 160. borrowing at, circumstances justifying, 194. broader basis of discussion after twelfth century, 173. dealt with by ecclesiastical courts, 175. condemned by Councils, 13. by philosophers, 161, 162. as a sin against charity, 168, 171. controversies over prohibition, 159. definition of, by Lateran Council, 197. doubt as to Gospel teaching on, 167. Usury, ecclesiastical legislation on, 174. inconclusive teaching of the early Church, 172. increased payment for credit regarded as, 119. injustice of, according to Aristotle, 16. in the Old Testament, 163. not suppressed by civil law, 172. patristic and episcopal utterances in favour of, 172. not permitted by civil authorities, 197 _et seq._ popular attitude to, 163. prohibition of, 133, 173, 183, 184. proof of justice of unearned income, 213. position in canonist doctrine, 33. not imposed on converts from Gentiles, 168. secular legislation in favour of, declared void, 175. teaching of the early Church, 167 _et seq._ treatment by fifteenth-century writers, 18. Value, factors determining, 129. not systematically treated till fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, 111. _See_ also Price. Vaudois, the, belief in communism, 66. Verona, _montes pietatis_ at, 196. Vienne, Council of, 175. Vio, Thomas da, 196. Virgin, the Blessed, represented spinning, 139. Virginity, recommended for the few, 225. Viterbo, _montes pietatis_ at, 196. Wages, rules determining, 120. as factor in cost of production, 111. attitude of mediæval and modern working classes towards fixing, 126 _et seq._ fixed by a public authority, 121. Wages, paucity of authority on, before sixteenth century, 121. Wallon, 90, 137, 140. Wealth, theory of, according to Aristotle, 16. Wealth, not an end in itself, 80. Weber, 206. William of Paris, 176. Wolowski, 216, 217, 221.