An Essay Towards a New Theory of VisionBerkeley, George
Philosophy
An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision
Berkeley, George
Vision -- Early works to 1800
145. Add to this that whenever we make a nice survey of any object,
successively directing the optic axis to each point thereof, there are
certain lines and figures described by the motion of the head or eye,
which being in truth perceived by feeling, do nevertheless so mix
themselves, as it were, with the ideas of sight, that we can scarce think
but they appertain to that sense. Again, the ideas of sight enter into
the mind several at once, more distinct and unmingled than is usual in
the other senses beside the touch. Sounds, for example, perceived at the
same instant, are apt to coalesce, if I may so say, into one sound: but
we can perceive at the same time great variety of visible objects, very
separate and distinct from each other. Now tangible extension being made
up of several distinct coexistent parts, we may hence gather another
reason that may dispose us to imagine a likeness or an analogy between
the immediate objects of sight and touch. But nothing, certainly, doth
more contribute to blend and confound them together than the strict and
close connexion they have with each other. We cannot open our eyes but
the ideas of distance, bodies, and tangible figures are suggested by
them. So swift and sudden and unperceived is the transition from visible
to tangible ideas that we can scarce forbear thinking them equally the
immediate object of vision.
146. The prejudice which is grounded on these, and whatever other causes
may be assigned thereof, sticks so fast that it is impossible without
obstinate striving and labour of the mind to get entirely clear of it.
But then the reluctancy we find in rejecting any opinion can be no
argument of its truth to whoever considers what has been already shown
with regard to the prejudices we entertain concerning the distance,
magnitude, and situation of objects; prejudices so familiar to our minds,
so confirmed and inveterate, as they will hardly give way to the clearest
demonstration.
147. Upon the whole, I think we may fairly conclude that the proper
objects of vision constitute an universal language of the Author of
Nature, whereby we are instructed how to regulate our actions in order to
attain those things that are necessary to the preservation and well-being
of our bodies, as also to avoid whatever may be hurtful and destructive
of them. It is by their information that we are principally guided in all
the transactions and concerns of life. And the manner wherein they
signify and mark unto us the objects which are at a distance is the same
with that of languages and signs of human appointment, which do not
suggest the things signified by any likeness or identity of nature, but
only by an habitual connexion that experience has made us to observe
between them.
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