Board of Education. TEACHERS’ CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION. General Elementary Science. Part II. 11. Give an example in each case of a plant with—(a) Plumed fruits or seeds. (b) Winged fruits or seeds. (c) Climbing stem covered with hooks. (d) Flowers which come out before the leaves. (e) Flowers in which the stamens are united to form a tube. 12. Show in the case of any two British wild plants the special means they possess for survival in the struggle for existence. 13. Name five of the earliest flowering wild plants in your neighbourhood, in the order in which they flower, and mention the chief characteristics of the flower in each case. 14. Describe the life-history of a fern so far as it can be observed by the naked eye and with the aid of a pocket lens. 15. Describe, with the help of drawings, the work of a bee in its mode both of collecting pollen and honey and of fertilising flowers. 16. Give a short account of the structure of a bird’s wing. How are the wings made use of during flight? 17. Give an account of some simple experiments you would employ to demonstrate the phenomena of respiration in animals and plants. [Pg 426] Board of Education. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION FOR THE CERTIFICATE. Part II. Elementary Science.—Syllabus No. II. (You should answer six questions.) 1. Describe with the aid of a drawing the various structures seen by means of a pocket lens in a section across the middle region of a grain of wheat. 2. How would you measure the rate of transpiration of water from a small plant or a leafy stem? 3. How can it be shown that the root responds to external influences of moisture, light and gravity? 4. Give a brief account of the function of the green leaf in the nutrition of plants. 5. Compare by drawings the leaves of broad bean and garden pea. Then discuss the means by which the two plants obtain mechanical support. 6. When the bulb of a thermometer is placed in a jar of soaked and germinating seeds, what temperature change is observed? Explain the cause of this. 7. Describe experiments which show in what respects the air is affected in composition by passing through the lungs. 8. Describe with the help of drawings the structure of the flowers of the hazel or willow and show how they are adapted for cross-pollination. 9. What is meant by root pressure, and how would you demonstrate it? Illustrate your answer by drawings. 10. What are the conditions of the soil which make it a suitable medium for healthy root-action and vigorous plant growth? Conversely under what conditions of soil would the plant fail to thrive or die? [Pg 427] Board of Education (South Kensington). General Biology. Section I. of Stage I. (You are permitted to answer only eight questions.) 1. Write what you can of the habits of the common House Fly and of the common Clothes Moth; draw figures of their appearance at different stages of the life-history.