years, between 1862 and 1882, some 163 productive societies were formed, and in 1892 there were 143 societies solely for cooeperative production in existence, with some 25,000 members. Cooeperative production has been distinctly less prosperous than cooeperative distribution. Most purely cooeperative productive societies have had a short and troubled existence, though their dissolution has in many cases been the result of contention rather than ordinary failure and has not always involved pecuniary loss. In addition to the usual difficulties of all business, insufficiency of capital, incompetency of buying and selling agents and of managers, dishonesty of trusted officials or of debtors, commercial panics, and other adversities to which cooeperative, quite as much as or even more than individual companies have been subject, there are peculiar dangers often fatal to their cooeperative principles. For instance, more than one such association, after going through a period of struggle and sacrifice, and emerging into a period of prosperity, has yielded to the temptation to hire additional employees just as any other employer might, at regular wages, without admitting them to any share in the profits, interest, or control of the business. Such a concern is little more than an ordinary joint-stock company with an unusually large number of shareholders. As a matter of fact, plain, clear-cut cooeperative production makes up but a small part of that which is currently reported and known as such. A fairer statement would be that there is a large element of cooeperation in a great many productive establishments. Nevertheless, productive societies more or less consistent to cooeperative principles exist in considerable numbers and have even shown a distinct increase of growth in recent years. *87. Cooeperation in Farming.*--Very much the same statements are true of another branch of cooeperative effort,--cooeperation in farming. Experiments were made very early, they have been numerous, mostly short-lived, and yet show a tendency to increase within the last decade. Sixty or more societies have engaged in cooeperative farming, but only half a dozen are now in existence. The practicability and desirability of the application of cooeperative ideals to agriculture is nevertheless a subject of constant discussion among those interested in cooeperation, and new schemes are being tried from time to time.