An introduction to the study of mammals living and extinctLydekker, Richard
Science
An introduction to the study of mammals living and extinct
Lydekker, Richard
Mammals
The name assigned to this group (which some zoologists think ought
rather to be ranked as a subclass[88] than an order) by Cuvier is often
objected to as inappropriate—for although some of the members are
edentulous, others have very numerous teeth—and the Linnæan name Bruta
is occasionally substituted. But that term is quite as objectionable,
especially since the group to which Linnæus applied it is by no
means equivalent to the order as now understood, as the names of the
genera contained in it, viz. _Elephas_, _Trichechus_, _Bradypus_,
_Myrmecophaga_, _Manis_ and _Dasypus_, indicate. It contained, in fact,
all the animals then known which are comprised in the modern groups
of Proboscidea, Sirenia and Edentata together with the Walrus, one
of the Carnivora. If retained at all, it should rather belong to the
Proboscidea, as _Elephas_ stands first in the list of genera in the
_Systema Naturæ_. Cuvier’s order included the _Ornithorhynchus_ and
_Echidna_, the structure of which was then imperfectly known, and which
are now by common consent removed to an altogether different section
of the class; but otherwise its limits are those now adopted. The name
Edentata is so generally used, and its meaning so well understood, that
it would be undesirable to change it now; in fact similar reasons might
be assigned for ceasing to use nearly all the other current ordinal
designations, for it might be equally well objected that all Carnivora
are not flesheaters, many of the Marsupialia have not pouches, and so
forth.
If the teeth are not always absent, they invariably exhibit certain
imperfections, which are indeed almost the only common characters
binding together the various extinct and existing members of the order.
These are—that they are homodont and, with the remarkable exceptions
of _Tatusia_ and _Orycteropus_, monophyodont; they are never rooted,
but have persistent pulps; except in some fossil forms, they are always
deficient in one of the constituents which enter into the formation of
the complete mammalian tooth, the enamel; and, at least among living
forms, are never present either in the upper or lower jaw in the fore
part of the mouth, the situation occupied by the incisors of other
mammals.[89]
The peculiar nature of the dentition in the aberrant _Orycteropus_ will
be noticed under the heading of that genus. As a rule, the coracoid
process of the scapula of the Edentates is more developed than in other
Eutheria.
The degree of development of the brain varies considerably in the
different families, the hemispheres being in some cases almost or quite
smooth (Fig. 57), with a small corpus callosum, and large anterior
commissure; while in other instances the hemispheres are convoluted, and
the corpus callosum is larger.
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