_Panochthus_, probably carried horny spines in the living condition. The typical genus _Glyptodon_ has each scute of the carapace ornamented with a rosette-like sculpture, the peripheral scutes being raised into conical prominences (Fig. 69). The caudal sheath, instead of being like the one represented in the figure, was entirely composed of a series of movable rings, ornamented with large tubercles. The manus had five digits, and the pes four; and there was an entepicondylar foramen to the humerus. A species of this genus, which attained very large dimensions, was made the type of _Schistopleurum_, on the supposition that the tail of _Glyptodon_ was of the type represented in Fig. 69. The genus _Thoracophorus_, of the Pleistocene of South America, as well as _Carioderma_, of the Pliocene of Texas, differ from all the preceding in having the scutes of the carapace in the form of disconnected nodules. Glyptodonts also occur in South American beds of earlier age than the Pleistocene, some of these forms having enamel bands on the teeth. “Why such a form as the Glyptodon should have failed to keep his ground is,” as the late Professor W. K. Parker remarks, “a great mystery; nature seems to have built him, as Rome was built, for eternity.” [Illustration: FIG. 69.—_Glyptodon clavipes_ (Pleistocene, South America). From Owen. The tail is incorrectly restored, and it is probable that the figured portion belongs to _Hoplophorus_. The left lower corner shows an upper and a lower view of the skull, and the right a section of the caudal sheath.] _Family_ MANIDÆ. Covered externally (except the under surface of the body and inside of the limbs) with large imbricated horny scales, and scattered hairs growing in the intervals. No teeth. Tongue long, vermiform, and protractile. No accessory articular processes to the lumbar vertebræ, but the anterior zygapophyses largely developed and deeply concave, completely embracing the semicylindrical surfaces of the posterior zygapophyses. Limbs short, with five complete digits on each foot. Scaphoid and lunar bones of carpus united. Uterus bicornuate. Placenta diffused and non-deciduate. All the existing forms belong to the Ethiopian and Oriental regions of the Old World. The absence of additional articular processes to the lumbar vertebræ is a character in which this and the following family differ from all the preceding forms.