_Air-sacs._—Most mammals have in connection with the air passages certain diverticuli or pouches containing air, the use of which is not always easy to divine. The numerous air sinuses situated between the outer and inner tables of the bones of the head, represented in Man by the antrum of Highmore and the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses, and attaining their maximum of development in the Indian Elephant, are obviously for the mechanical purpose of allowing expansion of the osseous surface without increase of weight. They are connected with the nasal passages. The Eustachian tubes pass from the back of the pharynx to the cavity of the tympanum, into which and the mastoid cells they allow air to pass. In the _Equidæ_ there are large post-pharyngeal air-sacs in connection with them. The Dolphins have an exceedingly complicated system of air-sacs in connection with the nasal passages just within the nostrils, and the Tapirs, Rhinoceroses, and Horses have blind sacs in the same situation. In the males of some Seals (_Cystophora_ and _Macrorhinus_) large pouches, which the animal can inflate with air, and which are not developed in the young animal or the female, arise from the upper part of the nasal passages, and lie immediately under the skin of the face. These appear analogous, although not in the same situation, to the gular pouch of the male Bustard. The larynx frequently has membranous pouches in connection with it, into which air passes. These may be lateral and opening just above the vocal cords, when they constitute the _sacculi laryngis_, found in a rudimentary state in Man, and attaining an enormous development, so as to reach to the shoulders and axillæ, in some of the Anthropoid Apes; or they may be median, opening in front either above or below the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, as in the Howling and other Monkeys, and also in the Whalebone Whales and Great Anteater.