_Hearing._—The organ of hearing is inclosed in a bony capsule (periotic) situated in the side of the head, intercalated between the posterior (occipital) and the penultimate (parietal) segment of the skull. It has, in common with other vertebrates, three semicircular canals and a vestibule, but the cochlea is more fully developed than in the Sauropsida, and, except in the Monotremes, spirally convoluted. The tympanic cavity is often dilated below, forming a smooth rounded prominence on the base of the skull, the auditory bulla (Fig. 8). The three principal ossicles, the “malleus,” “incus,” and “stapes,” are always present, but variable in characters. In the Sirenia, Cetacea, and Seals they are massive in form, being in the first-named order of larger size than in any other mammals. In the Cetacea the malleus is ankylosed to the tympanic; but in other mammals it is connected only with the membrana tympani. The stapes in the lower orders—Edentates, Marsupials, and Monotremes—has a great tendency to assume the columnar form of the corresponding bone in Sauropsida, its two rami entirely or partially coalescing.[16] The tympanic membrane (drum of the ear) forms the outer wall of the cavity. In the fœtal state it is level with the external surface of the skull, and remains so permanently in a few mammals as the American Monkeys; but commonly, by the growth of the squamosal bone, it becomes deeply buried at the bottom of a bony tube (_meatus auditorus externus_), which is continued to the surface of the skin in a fibrous or fibro-cartilaginous form. In Whales, owing to the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue, this meatus is of great length, and is also extremely narrow. In most aquatic and burrowing animals it opens upon the surface by a simple aperture, but in the large majority of the class there is a projecting fold of skin, strengthened by fibro-cartilages, called the pinna, auricle, or “external ear,” of very variable size and shape, generally movably articulated on the skull, and provided with muscles to vary its position; this pinna helping to collect and direct the vibrations of sound into the meatus. VII. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS.