The Maya "Roman numerals"--that is, the normal-form numerals, up to and including 19--were expressed by varying combinations of two elements, the dot (.) which represented the numeral, or numerical value, 1, and the bar, or line (--) which represented the numeral, or numerical value, 5. By various combinations of these two {88} elements alone the Maya expressed all the numerals from 1 to 19, inclusive. The normal forms of the numerals in the codices are shown in figure 39, in which one dot stands for 1, two dots for 2, three dots for 3, four dots for 4, one bar for 5, one bar and one dot for 6, one bar and two dots for 7, one bar and three dots for 8, one bar and four dots for 9, two bars for 10, and so on up to three bars and four dots for 19. The normal forms of the numerals, in the inscriptions (see fig. 40) are identical with those in the codices, excepting that they are more elaborate, the dots and bars both taking on various decorations. Some of the former contain a concentric circle () or cross-hatching (); some appear as crescents (+) or curls (++), more rarely as (++) or (++++). The bars show even a greater variety of treatment (see fig. 41). All these decorations, however, in no way affect the numerical value of the bar and the dot, which remain 5 and 1, respectively, throughout the Maya writing. Such embellishments as those just described are found only in the inscriptions, and their use was probably due to the desire to make the bar and dot serve a decorative as well as a numerical function. [Illustration: FIG. 39. Normal forms of numerals 1 to 19, inclusive, in the codices.] [Illustration: FIG. 40. Normal forms of numerals 1 to 19, inclusive, in the inscriptions.] [Illustration: FIG. 41. Examples of bar and dot numeral 5, showing the ornamentation which the bar underwent without affecting its numerical value.]