The studding-sails are set beyond the leeches or skirts of the main-sail and fore-sail, or of the top-sails or top-gallant-sails of a ship. Their upper and lower edges are accordingly extended by poles run out beyond the extremities of the yards for this purpose. Those sails however are only set in favourable winds and moderate weather. All sails derive their name from the mast, yard, or stay upon which they are extended. Thus the principal sail extended upon the main-mast is called the main-sail, _grande voile_, _d_, fig. 2. plate IX.; the next above, which stands upon the main-top-mast, is termed the main top-sail, _grand hunier_, _e_; and the highest, which is spread across the main-top-gallant-mast, is named the main-top-gallant-sail, _grand perroquet_, _f_. In the same manner there is the fore-sail, _misaine_, _g_; the fore-top-sail, _petit hunier_, _h_; and the fore-top-gallant-sail, _petit perroquet_, _i_; the mizen, _artimon_, _k_; the mizen top-sail, _perroquet d’artimon_, _l_; and mizen top-gallant-sail _m_. Thus also there is the main stay-sail _o_; main-top-mast stay-sail _p_; and main-top-gallant stay-sail _q_; with a middle stay-sail which stands between the two last. _N. B._ All these stay-sails are between the main and fore masts. The stay-sails (_voiles d’etai_) between the main-mast and mizen-mast are the mizen stay-sail _r_; and the mizen top-mast stay-sail _s_; and sometimes a mizen top-gallant stay-sail above the latter. The stay-sails between the fore-mast and the bowsprit are the fore stay-sail _t_; the fore top-mast stay-sail _u_; and the jib, _foc_, _x_. There is besides two square sails extended by yards under the bowsprit, one of which is called the sprit-sail, _civadiere_, _y_; and the other the sprit-sail top-sail _z_, _perroquet de beaupré_. For the French names of all the stay-sails, see the French term ETAI, and the phrases following it. The studding-sails (_bonnettes en étui_) being extended upon the different yards of the main-mast and fore-mast, are likewise named according to their stations, the lower, top-mast, or top-gallant studding sails. The ropes by which the lower yards of a ship are hoisted up to their proper height on the masts, are called the _jears_. In all other sails the ropes employed for this purpose are called _haliards_. The principal sails are then expanded by haliards, sheets, and bowlines, except the courses, which are always stretched out below by a _tack_ and sheet. See BOWLINE, CLOSE-HAULED, _&c._ They are drawn up together, or trussed up, by _bunt-lines_, _clue-lines_, _d d_, fig. 1.; _leech-lines_, _e e_; _reef-tackles_, _f f_; _slab-line_, _g_; and _spilling-lines_. As the bunt-lines and leech-lines pass on the other side of the sail, they are expressed by dotted lines in the figure. See those articles.