[629] _Ib._ p. 246. [630] _Ib._ pp. 248-9. [631] _Ib._ p. 253. [632] _Ib._ pp. 253-5. [633] Kr. "_Paroles_" p. 139. [634] _Ib._ pp. 116-17. [635] Kr. "_Conquete_" p. 75. [636] _Ib._ p. 85. [637] Kr. "_Conquete_" pp. 76-96. [638] _Ib._ pp. 104-7. [639] _Ib._ pp. 114-16. [640] Kr. "_Paroles_" p. 260. [641] _Ib._ p. 260. [642] _Ib._ pp. 99, 254; Kr. "_Temps nouveaux_" p. 54. [643] Kr. "_Paroles_" p. 90. [644] Kr. "_Paroles_" pp. 92-5. [645] _Ib._ p. 312. [646] _Ib._ p. 285. [647] _Ib._ p. 283. [648] _Ib._ p. 284. [649] Kr. "_Paroles_" p. 284. [650] _Ib._ p. 285. [651] Kr. "_Paroles_" pp. 285-8. [652] _Ib._ pp. 293-304. [653] _Ib._ p. 292. [654] Kr. "_Paroles_" p. 304. CHAPTER VIII TUCKER'S TEACHING 1.--GENERAL Benjamin R. Tucker was born in 1854 at South Dartmouth, near New Bedford, Massachusetts. From 1870 to 1872 he studied technology in Boston; there he made the acquaintance of Josiah Warren[655] in 1872. In 1874 he traveled in England, France, and Italy. In 1877 Tucker took the temporary editorship of the "Word," published at Princeton, Massachusetts. In 1878 he published the quarterly "The Radical Review" in New Bedford; but only four numbers appeared. In 1881, in Boston, he founded the semi-monthly paper "Liberty," of which there also appeared for a short time a German edition under the title "Libertas"; in Boston, also, he was for ten years one of the editorial staff of the "Globe." Since 1892 he has lived in New York, and "Liberty" has appeared there as a weekly.[656] 2. Tucker's teaching about law, the State, and property is contained mainly in his articles in "Liberty." He has published a collection[657] of these articles under the title "Instead of a Book. By a Man Too Busy to Write One. A fragmentary exposition of philosophical Anarchism" (1893). [Illustration] 3. Tucker calls his teaching "Anarchism." "Circumstances have combined to make me somewhat conspicuous as an exponent of the theory of Modern Anarchism."[658] "Anarchy does not mean simply opposed to the _archos_, or political leader. It means opposed to _arch[=e]_. Now, _arch[=e]_, in the first instance, means _beginning_, _origin_. From this it comes to mean _a first principle_, _an element_; then _first place_, _supreme power_, _sovereignty_, _dominion_, _command_, _authority_; and finally _a sovereignty_, _an empire_, _a realm_, _a magistracy_, _a governmental office_. Etymologically, then, the word anarchy may have several meanings. But the word Anarchy as a philosophical term and the word Anarchist as the name of a philosophical sect were first appropriated in the sense of opposition to dominion, to authority, and are so held by right of occupancy, which fact makes any other philosophical use of them improper and confusing."[659] 2.--BASIS _Tucker considers that the law which has supreme validity for every one of us is self-interest; and from this he derives the law of equal liberty._