=M. levator auris longus= (Fig. 63, _g_ and _g′_). (Part of the auricularis posterior of man.)--This lies on the caudal half of the dorsal surface of the head, forming a laterocaudal continuation of the intermedius scutulorum (_a_). _Origin_ from the middle line of the neck dorsad of the atlas, and from the sagittal crest for about one centimeter craniad of the external occipital tubercle. The fibres form a broad thin sheet which passes craniolaterad as far as the caudal end of the scutiform cartilage (1). Here the muscle divides; the major portion is attached to the scutiform cartilage (1), its fibres intermingling with those of the intermedius scutulorum (_a_). The caudal portion of the muscle (_g′_) passes onto the surface of the auricle, extending one or two centimeters distad; here it is inserted on an oblique line which lies directly craniad of the insertion of the transversus auriculæ (_i_). The caudal portion of this muscle (_g′_) having origin above the atlas and insertion on the auricle, is sometimes considered a separate muscle, the supercervicoauricular or cervicoauricular. The cranial portion (_g_) with origin on the sagittal crest and insertion on the scutiform cartilage might be distinguished as the occipitoscutularis. The levator auris longus is continuous at its cranial end medially with M. epicranius (_h_); laterally with M. intermedius scutulorum (_a_). _Relations._--Outer surface with the integument. Inner surface with the temporal muscle (_n_), the auricularis superior (_k_), the abductor longus auris (_m_), a narrow strand of the platysma, and the clavotrapezius. _Action._--Pulls the external ear dorsocaudad. The four following muscles lie partly or entirely beneath those already described; they are doubtless formed as differentiations of the inner layers of the platysma. =M. auricularis superior= (or attollens auris) (Fig. 63, _k_).--This muscle forms a band about one centimeter broad lying just beneath the levator longus (_g_). _Origin_ on the sagittal crest for about one centimeter craniad of the interparietal bone. The muscle passes laterad onto the surface of the auricle and is inserted into the auricular cartilage a little caudad of the middle of its convex surface. At its lateral end the cranial margin is closely united to the under surface of the levator auris longus (_g_). _Relations._--Outer surface at the medial end with the epicranius (_h_), the abductor auris longus (_m_), and levator auris longus (_g_); at the lateral end with the skin. Inner surface with the temporal muscle (_n_) and the auricular cartilage. _Action._--Pulls the external ear dorsad. =M. abductor auris longus= (Fig. 63, _m_; Fig. 64, _q_). (Part of the auricularis posterior of man.) _Origin_ on the sagittal crest dorsad of the interparietal bone, caudad of that of the auricularis superior (_k_), which it partly covers.