[236] Engraved in Boutell's Christian Monum., pt. i. p. 100. [237] Sub anno 1099. [238] Berfredus, belfredus, beffroi. See Ducange and Adelung. [239] Compare Froissart, vol. ii. p. 444, ed. Buchon. [240] Lib. viii. c. 12. [241] Rigord. [242] Lib. xii. [243] Radevicus Frising., lib. ii. c. 59. [244] Ibid., lib. ii. c. 47. [245] Boncompagni Obsidio Anconæ, cap. iv. p. 931. [246] Obsid. Anconæ, c. iv. p. 931. [247] Lib. iv. c. 15. [248] Hist. Albig., cap. xlii. [249] Lib. iv. c. 63. [250] See Adelung in v. _Catus_. [251] De Gestis Frid., lib. ii. c. 17. [252] Vol. i. p. 102. [253] The timbers. [254] Radevicus Frising., lib. ii. [255] Charta Edw. I. apud Prynne, cited by Ducange. [256] Concilium Albiense, cap. xv. [257] Lib. iii. p. 27. [258] See William of Newbury, lib. v. cap. 4. [259] Newbury. This is confirmed by Hoveden. [260] Harl. MS. 69. [261] Milice fran., i. 124. [262] All that may be desired on this subject will be found in St. Palaye's _Mémoires sur l'ancienne Chevalerie_, the treatises of Ménestrier, La Colombière, Honoré de Sainte-Marie, Favin, the _Thurnierbuch_ of Rüxner and Feyerabend, and of Schlichtegroll, Champollion's _Tournois du roi René_, Maximilian's Triumph, Ducange's notes to Joinville and article in Glossary, Adelung in v. _Torneamentum_, and Strutt's Sports. [263] Hasted's Kent. [264] Polycraticus, 181. PART III. THIRTEENTH CENTURY. The authorities which throughout the last division of our inquiry have served us as guides--seals, vellum-paintings, metal-chasings, ivory-carvings, and the writings of chroniclers and poets--are still available to us: but in the thirteenth century a new and most valuable source of information is offered by the numerous knightly effigies which are found in cathedral and chantry, in wayside chapel and lofty monastery. These sepulchral figures, of the proportions of life, are of especial value to the student of military costume, permitting him to follow his inquiry into the minutest detail. Not a belt nor a lace, not a buckle nor a strap, but he can trace the exact form and assign the particular purpose of it. Whether the effigy be a statue or "a brass," he finds in it abundant material for furthering his inquiry; and while from the illuminations of cotemporary manuscripts he obtains precise information on the point of _colour_, in the effigy he sees the exact moulding of each knightly adjunct, and the smallest pattern that adorns the smallest ornament of the knightly equipment. The military brasses of this century are but few; but the statues, in stone, in wood, or in Purbeck marble, are scattered through our English counties in surprising numbers. The value of these national memorials is beginning to be understood: the crumbling figure is no longer permitted to perish in the open churchyard, to lie in fragments among the rubbish of the