Ancient calendars and constellationsPlunket, Emmeline M. (Emmeline Mary)
History
Ancient calendars and constellations
Plunket, Emmeline M. (Emmeline Mary)
Astronomy, Ancient; Calendar; Constellations
It will be seen that by consulting the precessional globe it has been
possible to suggest dates at which the various simple and composite
human figures, represented on the (Grecian) sphere could have been
originally imagined in an upright position, either on the northern or
southern meridian at some well-marked time of the year--that is of
either a cosmical or a calendrical year.
That many other of the remaining ancient constellations--Canis Major
and Canis Minor, Aquila, Cygnus, &c., were depicted and named at very
remote dates, there can, I think, be little doubt. The wide-spread
traditions connected with these figures demand an early origin for
them. It is probable that the _heliacal rising_ of certain bright stars
in these constellations at some special season of the year, rather than
their _culmination at noon or at midnight_, may have been the occasion
for the interest taken in them.
A further study of the precessional globe with this thought present
would probably suggest approximate dates for the imagining of some of
these constellations, small in extent but marked by bright stars.
I will now only allude to the two remaining ancient constellations of
_wide extent_--namely, to Argo and Pegasus.
Glancing at Plate X. (Astronomy in the Rig Veda) the almost upright and
symmetrical position of Argo 3000 B.C. may suggest the likelihood that
at that date or perhaps a few hundred years later, and in a latitude
about 12° higher than that given in the diagram, this constellation
was imagined. It will be observed that all the stars of Argo, even the
bright and southern Canopus at 35° N. would have been above the horizon
and visible at midnight of the winter solstice. At noon of the summer
solstice they would have been above the horizon, but invisible in
conjunction with the sun.
But now turning our thoughts to the constellation Pegasus, a difficulty
confronts us at every date from 6000 B.C. downwards even to this
present A.D. 1903: Pegasus as depicted on the globe has held and still
holds a reversed position in the heavens. The very fact that for all
the other ancient constellations which represent living beings, it has
been possible to find some season and some date at which they could
have been observed upright in the sky, makes it a more imperative need
to seek for some explanation of the anomalous treatment meted out by
astronomers of old to the winged steed.
In this stress of difficulty, I venture to make a suggestion which
will, I fear, at first sight, appear far-fetched and fanciful, and
quite out of line with other suppositions put forward in this book.
My suggestion is that an error concerning the right depicting of this
constellation was fallen into by some astronomers of old, and that this
error was handed down to us through the Grecian school.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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