The best discussion is also by Bornecque, _Les déclamations et les déclamateurs d’après Sénèque le père_, Travaux et mémoires de l’Université de Lille, nouvelle série, I. Droit, Lettres—fascicule 1, Lille, au siège de l’Université, 1902 (bibliography, index of authors cited other than Seneca, catalogue raisonné of _declamatores_). Incidental and more general discussion will be found in standard treatises on Roman literature of the Empire, in G. Boissier’s _La fin du paganisme_, and in his _Tacite_, pages 200-240. Peterson’s translation of the _Dialogus_ of Tacitus is published in the Loeb Classical Library. [28] For a summary of the earlier Greek history see Bornecque, _Déclam._, 40. [29] E.g. _De orat._ I. 140. [30] Commentabar declamitans—sic enim nunc loquuntur. _Brutus_, 310. On this point Seneca has no doubt:—Declamabat autem Cicero non quales nunc controversias dicimus, ne tales quidem quales ante Ciceronem dicebantur, quas thesis vocabant. Hoc enim genus maxime, quo nos exercemur, adeo novum est, ut nomen quoque ejus novum sit. Seneca, _Controversiæ_, I. præf. 12. [31] See above, pages 70-73 and foot-note 10. The objection of Petronius, _Satyricon_ i. 2, is less specific. [32] Seneca the Elder (sometimes called the Rhetor, circ. 56 B.C.-39 A.D.) made the collection in his last years. [33] Bornecque, _Déclam._ 25, thinks that the _Controversiæ_ may be taken as substantial reproductions. [34] _Controv._ II, præf. 3. J. W. H. Walden quotes a similar counsel from Libanius, _Ep._ 248: καὶ σύ τοι τὸ ἄρχειν ἔχεις ἀπὸ τοῦ δύνασθαι λέγειν. _The Universities of Ancient Greece_, page 78, foot-note. Bornecque, _Déclam._ 135, sums up the situation as follows: “la rhétorique, devenue l’étude unique, perd, du même coup, le contact avec la réalité ... et elle dépouille à peu près toute valeur comme moyen d’éducation oratoire et général.” [35] Tacitus, _Dial._ 35-5, quoted above, page 88. Quintilian, II. iv. 25. [36] C. T. Cruttwell translates the second of these at page 335 of his _History of Roman Literature_. The subjects mentioned incidentally by Quintilian are similar:—Deliberant Patres conscripti an stipendium militi constituant. III. viii. 18. Deliberant Patres conscripti an Fabios dedant Gallis bellum minitantibus. 19. Deliberat C. Cæsar an perseveret in Germaniam ire, cum milites passim testamenta facerent. 19. Pompeius deliberavit Parthos, an Africam, an Ægyptum peteret. 33. Deliberat Cæsar an Britanniam impugnet. VII. iv. 2. [37] _Dial._ 35. 5, quoted above, page 88. [38] Deinde res ipsa diversa est: totum aliud est pugnare, aliud ventilare. Hoc ita semper habitum est, scholam quasi ludum esse, forum arenam. III. præf. 13. The same point of view is taken by Pliny in the letter (_Epist._ II. 3) quoted below.