_Die Arbeitskraft_, translated above by labor, means the whole body of workmen. The provision is another bit of doctrinarianism without any particular value, but it is nevertheless at variance with the equal-rights-to-all and all-Germans-equal-before-the-law spirit that is so carefully emphasized elsewhere in the constitution. The other article calling for particular mention is No. 165, the last article of the constitution proper. This is a direct heritage of November, 1918. From the very outset, as has been pointed out repeatedly in this work, the Spartacans were determined to impose the soviet form of government upon Germany. Later on the Independent Socialists also threw off their parliamentary mask and joined in the demand for the _Raeterepublik_ on the Bolshevist model. There were some leaders of the Majority Socialist Party who were willing to consider a combination of parliamentarism and sovietism, but most of the older leaders, including Ebert, had no sympathy with the idea. They were Socialists, but also democrats. When it began to become apparent to the advocates of the soviet system that they were in the minority, they raised a demand that the workmen's council should be "anchored" in the constitution. The framers of that document did not take the demand seriously, and the draft prepared for presentation to the National Assembly after the adoption of the provisional constitution made no reference to the councils. The extremer Socialists, however, renewed their original demand, and even the more conservative leaders of the parent party, much against their will, saw themselves compelled for partisan political reasons to support the demand. The result was article 165, inserted in the draft in June. This article begins by declaring that workmen and other wage-earners have equal rights with their employers in determining wage and working conditions and in cooperating "in the entire economic development of productive powers." It provides that they shall, for the protection of their social and economic interests, have the right to be represented through workmen's shop councils (_Betriebsarbeiterraete_), as well as in district workmen's councils (_Bezirksarbeiterraete_), and in a national workmen's council (_Reichsarbeiterrat_). The district and national councils combine with the representatives of the employers "and other interested circles of the people" to form district economic councils (_Bezirkswirtschaftsraete_), and a national economic council (_Reichswirtschaftsrat_). "The district economic councils and the national economic council are to be so constituted that all important groups of interests are represented in proportion to their economic and social importance." Article 165 continues: