to say that in the hours of passionate trial and temptation a man can have no better help than his own past? Every generous feeling that has not been crushed, every wholesome impulse that has been followed, every just perception, every habit of unselfish action, will be present in the background to guide or to sustain. It is too late, when the storm has burst, to provide our craft with rigging fit to weather it; but we may find a purpose for the years that oppress us by their dull calm, if we elect to spend them in laying up stores of strength and wisdom and emotional prejudices of a goodly human kind, whereby, if need arises, we may be able to resist hereafter the gusts of passion that might else bear us out of the straightforward course.” To apply the thought, the trifles of play supply the psychological rigging which alone can save the animal craft in the coming storm of the struggle for existence. And the point on which we have to lay special stress in this section is, that it is psychological rigging--or, if this seems to lay too much emphasis on the genesis of conscious situations, we may at least urge that the psychological ropes are of co-ordinate importance with the biological spars. So far, then, we reach the following conclusion: that if we classify the behaviour of the higher and more intelligent animals under two heads, the one comprising all those acts which are of direct biological value in enabling the animal to escape elimination under the immediate stress of the struggle for existence, and the other including all those acts which are of indirect preparatory or educative value, the latter, which are under their biological aspect not less important than the former, are under their psychological aspect of perhaps even greater importance. For the conditions of actual struggle are not those under which mental development could most easily be furthered, though they are those in which it is most effectually tested. Hence, the more intelligent animals pass through a period during which they are more or less shielded from the incidence of natural selection by their parents, and this is the period of play and of psychological education. And the tendency to play is so far organic, in that it is dependent on inherited instinctive propensities, and so far psychological in that it is accompanied by a felt want, which constitutes a conative impulse finding its appropriate end in the consciousness of satisfaction. But play--if we accept the term as the group-name for all these modes of behaviour which fall under our second class, those of indirect biological value--does not cease with the period of youth; it occupies all the intervals in the more serious business of animal life. And no discussion of animal behaviour can be adequate which does not assign to this class its due place, alike in biological and in psychological evolution.