LEAF-NOSED BAT (_Vampyrus spectrum_; _Artibeus jamaicensis_; or _Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis_). Several remarkably diabolical representations of bats (Maya, _soɔ_, usually written _zotz_) occur among the Maya remains. These all show the prominent nose leaf distinguishing the family _Phyllostomatidae_ and, as the Mayas probably used the largest and most conspicuous of the native species for artistic representation, it is likely that some one of the three species above mentioned is the one here shown. [Illustration: FIGS. 11, 12, 13, 14. GLYPHS FOR MAYA MONTH ZOTZ (BATS).] The bat had a place in the Maya pantheon. One of the months of the Maya year (_Zotz_) was named after this animal and the glyph for this month shows the characteristic nasal appendage. This is to be seen more clearly in the glyphs selected from the stone inscriptions (Pl. 38, figs. 1, 2, 4-6) than in those from the codices (text figs. 11-14) although the nose leaf is still visible in the latter. The day sign _Akbal_ (night) occurs as the eye in the figures from the manuscripts. A carving showing the whole body of the bat is used as a glyph in Stela D from Copan (Pl. 38, fig. 3). This may also represent the Bat god who is associated with the underworld, "the god of the caverns." This god is pictured on the "Vase of Chama" (Pl. 38, fig. 7) figured by Dieseldorff (1904, pp. 665-666) and by Gordon (1898, Pl. III). Seler (1904a) has discussed the presence of this god among the Mayas, the Zapotecs, and the Nahuas. The bat does not seem to occur in the Maya manuscripts as a god, although there are glyphs which seem to refer to this god (Dresden 17b), as pointed out by Seler, when there is no other representation of this deity. No doubt in the times of the Maya civilization, these bats haunted the temples by day as they do now, and thus became readily endowed with a religious significance. [Illustration: FIG. 15. POTTERY WHISTLE, APE. FROM ULOA VALLEY, HONDURAS.]