It is now time to put the question as to just what is in an animal’s mind when, having profited by numerous experiences, he has formed the association and does the proper act when put in a certain box. The commonly accepted view of the mental fact then present is that the sight of the inside of the box reminds the animal of his _previous pleasant experience after escape_ and _of the movements_ which he made which were immediately followed by and so associated with that escape. It has been taken for granted that _if the animal remembered the pleasant experience and remembered the movement, he would make the movement_. It has been assumed that the association was _an association of ideas_; that when one of the ideas was of a movement the animal was capable of making the movement. So, for example, Morgan says, in the ‘Introduction to Comparative Psychology’: “If a chick takes a ladybird in its beak forty times and each time finds it nasty, this is of no practical value to the bird unless the sight of the insect suggests _the nasty taste_” (p. 90). Again, on page 92, Morgan says, “_A race after the ball_ had been suggested through the channel of olfactory sensations.” Also, on page 86 “... the visual impression suggested the idea or representation of unpleasant gustatory experience.” The attitude is brought out more completely in a longer passage on page 118: “On one of our first ascents one of them put up a young coney, and they both gave chase. Subsequently they always hurried on to this spot, and, though they never saw another coney there, reiterated disappointment did not efface _the memory of that first chase_, or so it seemed.” That is, according to Morgan, the dogs thought of the chase and its pleasure, on nearing the spot where it had occurred, and so hurried on. On page 148 of ‘Habit and Instinct,’ we read, “Ducklings so thoroughly associated water with the sight of their tin that they tried to drink from it and wash in it when it was empty, nor did they desist for some minutes,” and this with other similar phenomena is attributed to the ‘association by contiguity’ of human psychology.