is a percept; but that, in so far as there enter into the idea of the soldier or the tree elements which have been isolated by analysis, just in so far does the word "soldier" or "tree" stand for a concept. How far a word stands for a percept, and how far there enter conceptual elements, depends to a large extent on the level of intelligence of the hearer. The moment educated and intellectual folk begin to think about their words, or the objects for which they stand, conceptual elements are sure to crowd in. There is one more feature of these mental processes in man, and that by no means the least important, that remains for brief consideration. I began by saying that the primary end and object of the reception of the influences of the external world, or environment, is to enable the organism to answer to them in activity. We saw that the sight of an orange suggests, through association, its taste; and that the validity of the association could be verified by going to the orange and tasting it. We saw, too, that when I heard a dog howl in the street, and, going to the window, saw a small boy with a stone in his hand, I concluded that he was going to throw it at the dog. What I wish now to elicit is that out of perceptions through association there arise certain expectations, and that the activities of organisms are moulded in accordance with these expectations. It is clear that these expectations or anticipations belong partly to the presentative or constructive order, and partly to the reconstructive or representative order. They are in some cases directly suggested by the presentations of sense; they are also built up out of representations which have become associated with the constructs in memory and through experience. But what we have here especially to notice about them is that, in the latter case, they involve more or less distinctly the element which we, in the language of our developed thought, call causation. There is a sequence of events, and the perception of certain of these gives rise, through association and experience, to an expectation of certain succeeding phenomena. Expectations are, therefore, the outcome of the linked nature of phenomena. And when we come eventually to think about the phenomena, and how they are linked together into a chain (successional) or web (coexistent), we reach the conception of causation as the connecting thread. In early stages of the mental process, such a conception does not emerge. Nevertheless, the phenomena are perceived as linked or woven. And the mental process by which we pass from any perceived event or existence to other preceding, concomitant, or subsequent events or existences linked or woven with it in the chain or web of phenomena, we call _inference_.[FZ] When, for example, I find a footprint in the sand, I infer that a man has passed that way; and when the clouds are heaped up heavy and black, I infer that a storm is about to burst upon us.