The other instance I will quote was communicated by Mr. George Bidie to _Nature_.[HB] He there gives an account of a favourite cat which, during his absence, was much plagued by two boys. About a week before his return the cat had kittens, which she hid from her tormentors behind the book-shelves in the library. But when he returned she took them one by one from this retreat, and carried them to the corner of his dressing-room where previous litters had been deposited and nursed. Here abnormal circumstances and the reign of anarchy and persecution forced her to adopt a hiding-place where she might bring forth her young; but the return of normal conditions, sovereignty, and order led her to take up her old quarters under the protection of her master. Now, look at the description I have given in explanation of her conduct. See how it bristles with conceptual terms: "abnormal," with its correlative "normal;" "anarchy and persecution," "protection" and "order." All this, I believe, is mine, and not the cat's. For her there was a practical perception, in the one case of plaguing boys, in the other case of protecting master; and her action was the direct outcome of these perceptions through the employment of her intelligence. Some stress has been laid on the occasional use of tools by animals. Mr. Peal[HC] observed a young elephant select a bamboo stake, and utilize it for detaching a huge elephant-leech which had fixed itself beneath the animal's fore leg near the body. "Leech-scrapers are," he says, "used by every elephant daily." He also saw an elephant select and trim a shoot from the jungle, and use it as a switch for flapping off flies. How far, we may ask, do such actions imply "a conscious knowledge of the relation between the means employed and the ends attained"?[HD] That, again, depends upon how much or how little is implied in this phrase.