_The Wing during its action reverses its Planes, and describes a Figure-of-8 track in space._--The twisting or rotating of the wing on its long axis is particularly observable during extension and flexion in the bat and bird, and likewise in the insect, especially the beetle, cockroach, and such as fold their wings during repose. In these in extreme flexion the anterior or thick margin of the wing is directed downwards, and the posterior or thin one upwards. In the act of extension, the margins, in virtue of the wing rotating upon its long axis, reverse their positions, the anterior or thick margins describing a spiral course from below upwards, the posterior or thin margin describing a similar but opposite course from above downwards. These conditions, I need scarcely observe, are reversed during flexion. The movements of the margins during flexion and extension may be represented with a considerable degree of accuracy by a figure-of-8 laid horizontally. [Illustration: FIG. 67. FIG. 68. FIG. 69. FIG. 70 FIGS. 67, 68, 69, and 70 show the area mapped out by the left wing of the wasp when the insect is fixed and the wing made to vibrate. These figures illustrate the various angles made by the wing as it hastens to and fro, how the wing reverses and reciprocates, and how it twists upon itself and describes a figure-of-8 track in space. Figs. 67 and 69 represent the forward or down stroke; figs. 68 and 70 the backward or up stroke. The terms forward and back stroke are here employed with reference to the head of the insect.--_Original._] In the bat and bird the wing, when it ascends and descends, describes a nearly vertical figure-of-8. In the insect, the wing, from the more oblique direction of the stroke, describes a nearly horizontal figure-of-8. In either case the wing reciprocates, and, as a rule, reverses its planes. The down and up strokes, as will be seen from this account, cross each other, as shown more particularly at figs. 67, 68, 69, and 70. In the wasp the wing commences the down or forward stroke at _a_ of figs. 67 and 69, and makes an angle of something like 45° with the horizon (_x x´_). At _b_ (figs. 67 and 69) the angle is slightly diminished, partly because of a rotation of the wing along its anterior margin (long axis of wing), partly from increased speed, and partly from the posterior margin of the wing yielding to a greater or less extent. At _c_ the angle is still more diminished from the same causes. At _d_ the wing is slowed slightly, preparatory to reversing, and the angle made with the horizon (_x_) increased. At _e_ the angle, for the same reason, is still more increased; while at _f_ the wing is at right angles to the horizon. It is, in fact, in the act of reversing. At _g_ the wing is reversed, and the up or back stroke commenced.