_The Wing, when advancing with the Body, describes a Looped and Waved Track._--Although the figure-of-8 represents with considerable fidelity the twisting of the wing upon its long axis during extension and flexion, and during the down and up strokes when the volant animal is playing its wings before an object, or still better, when it is artificially fixed, it is otherwise when it is free and progressing rapidly. In this case the wing, in virtue of its being carried forward by the body in motion, describes first a looped and then a waved track. This looped and waved track made by the wing of the insect is represented at figs. 71 and 72, and that made by the wing of the bat and bird at fig. 73, p. 144. [Illustration: FIG. 71.] [Illustration: FIG. 72.] [Illustration: FIG. 73.] The loops made by the wing of the insect, owing to the more oblique stroke, are more horizontal than those made by the wing of the bat and bird. The principle is, however, in both cases the same, the loops ultimately terminating in a waved track. The impulse is communicated to the insect wing at the heavy parts of the loops _a b c d e f g h i j k l m n_ of fig. 71; the waved tracks being indicated at _p q r s t_ of the same figure. The recoil obtained from the air is represented at corresponding letters of fig. 72, the body of the insect being carried along the curve indicated by the dotted line. The impulse is communicated to the wing of the bat and bird at the heavy part of the loops _a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o_ of fig. 73, the waved track being indicated at _p s t u v w_ of this figure. When the horizontal speed attained is high, the wing is successively and rapidly brought into contact with innumerable columns of undisturbed air. It, consequently, is a matter of indifference whether the wing is carried at a high speed against undisturbed air, or whether it operates upon air travelling at a high speed (as, _e.g._ the artificial currents produced by the rapidly reciprocating action of the wing). The result is the same in both cases, inasmuch as a certain quantity of air is worked up under the wing, and the necessary degree of support and progression extracted from it. It is, therefore, quite correct to state, that as the horizontal speed of the body increases, the reciprocating action of the wing decreases; and _vice versâ_. In fact the reciprocating and non-reciprocating action of the wing in such cases is purely a matter of speed. If the travel of the wing is greater than the horizontal travel of the body, then the figure-of-8 and the reciprocating power of the wing will be more or less perfectly developed, according to circumstances. If, however, the horizontal travel of the body is greater than that of the wing, then it follows that no figure-of-8 will be described by the wing; that the wing will not reciprocate to any marked extent; and that the organ will describe a waved track, the curves of which will become less and less abrupt, _i.e._ longer