The twisting of the pectoral fins is well seen in the common perch (_Perca fluviatilis_), and still better in the 15-spined Stickleback (_Gasterosteus spinosus_), which latter frequently progresses by their aid alone.[44] In the stickleback, the pectoral fins are so delicate, and are plied with such vigour, that the eye is apt to overlook them, particularly when in motion. The action of the fins can be reversed at pleasure, so that it is by no means an unusual thing to see the stickleback progressing tail first. The fins are rotated or twisted, and their free margins lashed about by spiral movements which closely resemble those by which the wings of insects are propelled.[45] The rotating of the fish upon its long axis is seen to advantage in the shark and sturgeon, the former of which requires to turn on its side before it can seize its prey,--and likewise in the pipefish, whose motions are unwontedly sluggish. The twisting of the tail is occasionally well marked in the swimming of the salamander. In those remarkable mammals, the whale,[46] porpoise, manatee, and dugong (figs. 33, 34, and 35), the movements are strictly analogous to those of the fish, the only difference being that the tail acts from above downwards or vertically, instead of from side to side or laterally. The anterior extremities, which in those animals are comparatively perfect, are rotated on their long axes, and applied obliquely and non-obliquely to the water, to assist in balancing and turning. Natation is performed almost exclusively by the tail and lower half of the trunk, the tail of the whale exerting prodigious power. [44] The _Syngnathi_, or Pipefishes, swim chiefly by the undulating movement of the dorsal fin. [45] If the pectoral fins are to be regarded as the homologues of the anterior extremities (which they unquestionably are), it is not surprising that in them the spiral rotatory movements which are traceable in the extremities of quadrupeds, and so fully developed in the wings of bats and birds, should be clearly foreshadowed. “The muscles of the pectoral fins,” remarks Professor Owen, “though, when compared with those of the homologous members in higher vertebrates, they are very small, few, and simple, yet suffice for all the requisite movements of the fins--elevating, depressing, advancing, and again laying them prone and flat, by an oblique stroke, upon the sides of the body. The rays or digits of both pectorals and ventrals (the homologues of the posterior extremities) can be divaricated and approximated, and the intervening webs spread out or folded up.”--_Op. cit._ vol. i. p. 252. [46] _Vide_ “Remarks on the Swimming of the Cetaceans,” by Dr. Murie, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, pp. 209, 210. [Illustration: