Man, in order to swim, must learn the art of swimming. He must serve a longer or shorter apprenticeship to a new form of locomotion, and acquire a new order of movements. It is otherwise with the majority of animals. Almost all quadrupeds can swim the first time they are immersed, as may readily be ascertained by throwing a newly born kitten or puppy into the water. The same may be said of the greater number of birds. This is accounted for by the fact that quadrupeds and birds are lighter, bulk for bulk, than water, but more especially, because in walking and running the movements made by their extremities are precisely those required in swimming. They have nothing to learn, as it were. They are buoyant naturally, and if they move their limbs at all, which they do instinctively, they swim of necessity. It is different with man. The movements made by him in walking and running are not those made by him in swimming; neither is the position resorted to in swimming that which characterizes him on land. The vertical position is not adapted for water, and, as a consequence, he requires to abandon it and assume a horizontal one; he requires, in fact, to throw himself flat upon the water, either upon his side, or upon his dorsal or ventral aspect. This position assimilates him to the quadruped and bird, the fish, and everything that swims; the trunks of all swimming animals, being placed in a prone position. Whenever the horizontal position is assumed, the swimmer can advance in any direction he pleases. His extremities are quite free, and only require to be moved in definite directions to produce definite results. The body can be propelled by the two arms, or the two legs; or by the right arm and leg, or the left arm and leg; or by the right arm and left leg, or the left arm and right leg. Most progress is made when the two arms and the two legs are employed. An expert swimmer can do whatever he chooses in water. Thus he can throw himself upon his back, and by extending his arms obliquely above his head until they are in the same plane with his body, can float without any exertion whatever; or, maintaining the floating position, he can fold his arms upon his chest and by alternately flexing and extending his lower extremities, can propel himself with ease and at considerable speed; or, keeping his legs in the extended position and motionless, he can propel himself by keeping his arms close to his body, and causing his hands to work like sculls, so as to make figure-of-8 loops in the water. This motion greatly resembles that made by the swimming wings of the penguin. It is most effective when the hands are turned slightly upwards, and a greater or less backward thrust given each time the hands reciprocate. The progress made at first is slow, but latterly very rapid, the rapidity increasing according to the momentum acquired. The swimmer, in addition to the foregoing methods, can throw himself